The transport network of the Russian Federation is one of the world's most extensive transport networks. The national web of roads, railways and airways stretches almost from Kaliningrad in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the east, and major cities such as Moscow and Saint Petersburg are served by extensive rapid transit systems.
The export of transport services is an important component of Russia's GDP. The government anticipates that between 2007 and 2030, the measures included in its 2008 transport strategy will increase the export of transport services to a total value of $80 billion, a sevenfold increase on its 2008 value. Foreign cargo weight transported is expected to increase from 28 million tonnes to 100 million tonnes over the same period.
Aerial cableway
In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses.
Rail transport
Russia has the world's third-largest railway network, behind only the United States and China, with a total track length of as of 2019. It uses a broad rail gauge of . Electrified track accounts for around half of the Russian railway network — totalling — but carries the majority of railway traffic.
Russian Railways, the state-owned national rail carrier, is one of the world's largest transport companies, enjoying a monopoly over rail transport in Russia. Established in 1992, it employs an estimated 950,000 people, and accounted for 2.5% of the entire national GDP in 2009.Lenta.RU News "РЖД попросила правительство заняться спасением железных дорог" (RZhD asks government to rescue the railroad) In 2007 alone, Russian Railways carried a total of 1.3 billion passengersTable 2.28. ПЕРЕВОЗКИ ПАССАЖИРОВ И ПАССАЖИРООБОРОТ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА ОБЩЕГО ПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ; TRANSPORTATION OF PASSENGERS AND PASSENGER TURNOVER OF PUBLIC RAILWAY TRANSPORT Основные показатели транспортной деятельности в России - 2008 г. Copyright © Федеральная служба государственной статистики and 1.3 billion tons of freightTable 2.25. ПЕРЕВОЗКИ ГРУЗОВ И ГРУЗООБОРОТ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА ОБЩЕГО ПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO AND FREIGHT TURNOVER OF PUBLIC RAILWAY TRANSPORT Основные показатели транспортной деятельности в России - 2008 г. Copyright © Федеральная служба государственной статистики on its common-carrier routes.
Rapid-transit systems Moscow Metro – 13 lines, 207 stations, 349.5 km Saint Petersburg Metro – 5 lines, 69 stations, 113.2 km Novosibirsk Metro – 2 lines, 13 stations, 15.9 km Nizhny Novgorod Metro – 2 lines, 14 stations, 18.8 km Samara Metro – 1 line, 10 stations, 12.7 km Yekaterinburg Metro – 1 line, 9 stations, 12.7 km Kazan Metro – 1 line, 10 stations, 15.8 km
Also, there is a Metrotram system in Volgograd and three more cities with metro systems under construction: Omsk Chelyabinsk Krasnoyarsk
Rail links with adjacent countries Voltage of electrification systems not necessarily compatible.
Norway – No – But Proposed Via Finland & Sweden – break of gauge /, or Murmansk – Kirkenes (10 km of on the Norwegian side will probably be widened to Finland – Yes — same gauge of / Estonia – Yes — same gauge of Latvia – Yes — same gauge of Lithuania – Yes – same gauge of Poland – Yes – Via Kaliningrad OblastTrains from contiguous Russia use Belarus route. – break of gauge / Belarus – Yes – same gauge of Ukraine – No – same gauge of Georgia – Yes – same gauge of Azerbaijan – Yes – same gauge of Kazakhstan – Yes – same gauge of China – Yes – break of gauge / Mongolia – Yes – same gauge of North Korea – Yes – break of gauge /
Roads and highways
As of 2006 Russia had 933,000 km of roads, of which 755,000 were paved.Rosstat statistics on length of roads Retrieved on 10 June 2009 Some of these make up the Russian federal motorway system. With a large land area the road density is the lowest of all the G8 and BRIC countries as of 2009.
The state of Russia's road system ranks 136th out of 144 countries evaluated. Rustam Minnikhanov, the president of Tatarstan and head of the State Council working group on roads, told the Novosibirsk meeting that 53 percent of federal highways and 63 percent of regional ones are substandard and that the situation is growing worse: Every year, the number of cars in Russia rises by six percent, but the highway system expands only 2200 kilometers. The Kremlin leader blamed this on corruption, the lack of oversight, and the failure to update standards set 30 years ago. According to the Russian Federal State Statistics Service the road network expanded by 504,000 kilometers between 2003 and 2015, though this is largely due to the registration of previously ownerless roads.
Road safety
Traffic-related death rate was 10.6 per 100,000 inhabitants which was higher than in most of other European countries or in the United States. Increasingly harsher penalties for traffic violations were imposed after 2008, but the level of corruption among traffic law enforcement authorities limits their effectiveness in reducing the number of accidents. Dashcams are widespread, inasmuch as Russian courts prefer video evidence to eyewitness testimony, but also as a guard against police corruption and insurance fraud.
Fleet
After World War II, trucks and buses were manufactured for the socialist countries of Eastern Europe: Ikarus urban, intercity and tourist buses, Skoda buses and trucks, Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde and Robur trucks, Tatra, LIAZ, Praga V3S, Csepel, Avia and ZSD Nysa passenger vans and Zuk cargo vans). During the late 1950s OAF trucks were imported from the West, and Berliet T60 dump trucks were imported in 1969 to open the mine and ore-processing plant of Ai in the Orenburg Oblast. Tractors from Volvo and Mercedes-Benz NG were imported during the 1970s for the road-transport organization Sovtransavto. Unic-Fiat tractors were imported in the mid-1970s for the port of Leningrad, and Unit Rig and International Harvester Paystar dump trucks and cement mixers were used for the construction of irrigation canals from 1979 to 1983. Fawn ballast tractors were imported from 1970 to the 1980s, and Komatsu dump trucks began to be imported in 1979. Magirus bonneted flatbed trucks and dump trucks were used in 1975 for the construction of the Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM).
By the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, priority was given to smaller cars (such as the Mercedes-Benz S-Class W116) as police cars, taxis and vans. However, most vehicles were Soviet-made cars: Moskvitch, GAZ-M20 Pobeda, GAZ, ZiL, VAZ, Izh and ZAZ automobiles, UAZ and LuAZ jeeps, RAF and ErAZ vans, GAZ, Kamaz, ZiL, MAZ, KrAZ, UralAZ, BelAZ and KAZ (Colkhides) trucks, KAvZ, PAZ, LiAZ and LAZ buses and ZiU trolleybuses.
In 1988, the free sale of trucks and buses was permitted. Since the 1990s, many new and used cars have been imported. During the 2000s, foreign companies began to build factories in Russia or enter into agreements with existing assembly plants.
Currently, European and Asian parts of Russia have different fleets. European Russia primarily contains Russian, European, Japanese, American, and Chinese cars and trucks; the Asian side contains used vehicles from the Japanese domestic market, concentrated in Vladivostok. The largest share of Russian auto brands is in the North Caucasus regions of Dagestan and Chechnya.
GAZelle marshrutkas and Ford Transit, Peugeot Boxer, Fiat Ducato, Renault Master, Iveco Daily, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter and Volkswagen Crafter vans and Russian (PAZ), Ukrainian (Bogdan, South Korean (Hyundai County) and Chinese (BAW) minibuses, painted in one color, are used as share taxis. City buses are primarily the Russian (PAZ, KAvZ, LiAZ, MARZ, NefAZ, Volzhanin) and Belarusian MAZ. European buses are used in Vladivostok (51 MAN A78 Lion's City LE buses, Moscow (one Mercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto LF, four Ikarus 435, 71 Scania OmniLink assembled in Russia and one MAN A23 Lion's City GL), Kolomna (16 Mercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto H and one Mercedes-Benz Türk O345 Conecto LF) and St. Petersburg (16 MAN Lion's Classic and 52 buses Scania OmniLink buses). Other cities run new Chinese and used German, Swedish, Finnish, and Dutch buses. In July 2014, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev issued a decree banning foreign technical purchases (including public transport) for state and municipal needs. Intercity buses are Chinese, Korean, and Russian and large companies are buying European buses.
Grey market vehicles, such as the Ford Mustang, Lincoln Town Car, Ford F-Series, Dodge Viper, Toyota Sienna, Toyota 4Runner, Acura, Toyota Highlander, Toyota Venza, Infiniti, Chevrolet Corvette and Chevrolet Camaro, are sold by special dealers. Grey-market US trucks include Freightliner, International, Peterbilt and Volvo. In late 2013 International began selling a Russian version of the International ProStar tractor, and sales of Western Star 6900XD dump trucks were scheduled to begin in 2014.
Vehicle availability (end of year, in thousands) 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Trucks (total, including pickups and cargo vans) - total 2744 4401 4 482 4 625 4 669 4 770 4 848 4 929 5 168 5 349 5 323 5 414 5 545 5 751 6 047 6 238 6 230 6 300 6 434 6 490 6 540 6 564 6 664 6 673 6 796 Owned by companiesFor 1990 by road-transport companies, since 2000 by all companies 331 1387 1 311 1 216 1 110 1 015 944 881 830 754 712 683 660 664 665 668 644 570 537 526 527 559 567 567 582 Owned by individuals 4 1568 1 698 1 921 1 996 2 152 2 300 2 440 2 627 2 818 2 857 2 950 3 097 3 273 3 545 3 777 3 789 3 841 3 926 4 016 4 039 3 988 3 963 3 909 3 891 Public buses2000-2010, excludes small businesses; since 2011 owned and leased 153 109 107 101 93 86 79 72 69 64 65 158 166 170 166 166 174 171 170 166 166 159 144 138 136 Automobiles (total) 8964 20 353 21 232 22 468 23 383 24 208 25 570 26 794 29 405 32 021 33 084 34 354 36 415 38 792 41 420 43 417 44 253 45 163 46 887 47 425 48 430 49 259 50 304 50 609 51 554 Owned by individuals 8677 19 097 19 984 21 135 22 082 22 854 24 125 25 282 27 755 30 300 31 341 32 629 34 624 36 917 39 237 41 433 42 317 43 157 44 792 45 377 46 292 46 926 47 689 47 868 48 534 Trolleybuses 13.8 12.2 12.1 11.9 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.2 11.0 11.1 11.0 11.0 10.7 10.7 10.2 9.7 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.0 7.9 7.6 7.7
According to the Russian Federal State Statistics Service, in 2013 the number of individually-owned cars per 1,000 of population was 304.1 in the Ural Federal District, 312.6 in Sverdlovsk Oblast, 202.5 in the North-West Federal District, 345.3 in Pskov oblast, 298.5 in the Far Eastern Federal District, 484.8 in Kamchatka Krai, 284.6 in the Central Federal District, 340.5 in the Belgorod Oblast, 274.3 in the Southern Federal District (289.5 in Krasnodar Krai), 261.8 in the Siberian Federal District (292.5 in the Republic of Khakassia and Novosibirsk Oblast), 258 in the Volga Federal District (298.1 in Orenburg Oblast) and 197 in the North Caucasian Federal District (267.2 in Stavropol Krai). The regions with the greatest car ownership are Kamchatka Krai in Asiatic Russia (484.8) and Belgorod Oblast in European Russia (340.5). Those with the least are Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in Asiatic Russia (73.1) and the Republic of Ingushetia in European Russia (130.0).Transport gks.ru
Waterways