Gypsy Rose Lee (born Rose Louise Hovick, January 8, 1911 – April 26, 1970) was an American burlesque entertainer, stripper, actress, author, playwright and vedette, famous for her striptease act. Her 1957 memoir, Gypsy: A Memoir, was adapted into the 1959 stage musical Gypsy.
Early life Rose Louise Hovick was born in Seattle, Washington, on January 8, 1911;Karen Abbott (2010) American Rose: A Nation Laid Bare, The Life and Times of Gypsy Rose Lee, New York: Random House; ; Birthdate given as January 8, legacy.com; accessed September 16, 2015. however, she always gave January 9 as her date of birth. She was known as Louise to her family. Her sister, actress June Havoc, was born in 1912. Their mother, Rose Thompson Hovick, forged various birth certificates for each of her daughters—older when needed to evade varying state child labor laws, and younger for reduced or free train fares. The girls were unsure until later in life what their years of birth were.
Their mother had married Norwegian-American John Olaf Hovick, a newspaper-advertising salesman and a reporter at The Seattle Times."This is a story of three women whose dreams clashed" (July 16, 1980), Boston Globe, p. 1.Noralee Frankel (2009) Stripping Gypsy: The Life of Gypsy Rose Lee, Oxford University Press US; Erik Lee Preminger (2004) My G-string mother: and home and backstage with Gypsy Rose Lee, Frog Books; , p. 186. They married on May 28, 1910, in Seattle.King County Department of Executive Services, Records and Licensing Division, Marriage Returns, 1891–1947, Marriage Certificates, 1855–1990, Office of the Secretary of State, Washington State Archives, Digital Archives, Source: King County Auditor, Marriage Certificates, 1855–1969; Marriage Returns, 1891–1947. King County Archives, Seattle, WA. They divorced on August 20, 1915.National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington D.C.; NARA Series: Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 – March 31, 1925; Roll #: 2708; Volume #: Roll 2708 - Certificates: 513300-513899, February 12–14, 1925; Ancestry.com (U.S. Passport Applications, 1795–1925). Rose Thompson married her second husband, Judson Brennerman, a traveling salesman, on May 26, 1916, at a Unitarian church in Seattle, with the Rev. J. D. A. Powers officiating.Ancestry.com. Washington, Marriage Records, 1865–2004 from Washington State Archives. Olympia, Washington: Washington State Archives.
After Hovick and Brennerman divorced, June supported the family by appearing in vaudeville, being billed "Tiniest Toe Dancer in the World" when she was only . Rose and June went to Hollywood for two years where June appeared in short films directed by Hal Roach. Louise was left behind while June and her mother were on the road. She had an elementary education, unlike June who was taught to read by stagehands. Much to her mother's displeasure, June eloped with Bobby Reed, a dancer in their act, in December 1928, after a performance in Topeka, Kansas, at the Jayhawk Theatre and went on to pursue a brief career in marathon dancing, a more profitable vocation than tap dancing.Laura Jacobs (March 2003) "Taking it all off", Vanity Fair, Vol. 511, p. 198.
Career Louise's singing and dancing talents were insufficient to sustain the act without June. Eventually, it became apparent Louise could make money in burlesque, which earned her legendary status as an elegant and witty striptease artist. Initially, her act was propelled forward when a shoulder strap on one of her gowns gave way, causing her dress to fall to her feet despite her efforts to cover herself; encouraged by the audience's response, she went on to make the trick the focus of her performance.Helen Welshimer (February 14, 1937) "Burlesque's strippers graduate to Broadway", Laredo Times, TX, p. 13.
Her innovations were an almost casual stripping style compared to bump & grind styles of most burlesque strippers (she emphasized the "tease" in "striptease"), and she brought a sharp sense of humor into her act as well. She became as famous for her onstage wit as for her stripping style, and—changing her stage name to Gypsy Rose Lee—she became one of the biggest stars of Minsky's Burlesque, where she performed for four years. She was frequently arrested in raids on the Minsky brothers' shows. During the Great Depression, Lee spoke at various union meetings in support of New York laborers. According to activist Harry Fisher, her talks were among those that attracted the largest audiences.Fisher, Harry (1998) Comrades: Tales of a Brigadista in the Spanish Civil War, p. 10, University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln;
In 1937 and 1938, billed as Louise Hovick, she made five films in Hollywood."Gypsy Rose Lee", IMDb. But her acting was generally panned, so she returned to New York City where she had an affair with film producer Michael Todd and co-produced and appeared in his 1942 musical revue, Star and Garter.Profile, historylink.org; accessed August 7, 2014. Lee viewed herself as a "high-class" stripper, and she approved of H. L. Mencken's term "ecdysiast", which he coined as a more "dignified" way of referring to the profession. Her style of intellectual recitation while stripping was spoofed in the number "Zip!" in Rodgers and Hart's Pal Joey, a musical in which June Havoc had appeared on Broadway, opposite Gene Kelly. Lee performed an abbreviated version of her act (intellectual recitation and all) in the 1943 film Stage Door Canteen.
In 1941, Lee wrote a mystery thriller called The G-String Murders, which was made into the sanitized 1943 film, Lady of Burlesque, starring Barbara Stanwyck. While some assert this was in fact ghost-written by Craig Rice, there are some who claim there is more than sufficient written evidence in the form of manuscripts and Lee's own correspondence to prove that she wrote a large part of the novel herself under the guidance of Rice and others, including her editor George Davis, a friend and mentor.Tippins, Sherill. February House: The Story of W. H. Auden, Carson McCullers, Jane and Paul Bowles, Benjamin Britten, and Gypsy Rose Lee, Under One Roof in Brooklyn. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005; Hubin, Allen J. Crime Fiction, 1749–1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1984, p. 243;
Lee's second murder mystery, Mother Finds a Body, was published in 1942. In December 1942, preliminary papers alleging breach of contract were filed in the Supreme Court against Lee by Dorothy Wheelock, associate editor of Harper's Bazaar magazine,Nevada State Journal, December 24, 1942. alleging that in August 1940 she and Lee entered into what Wheelock described as "an oral agreement to collaborate on a joint venture involving the conception, construction, development, writing and exploitation of a literary work with a burlesque background." Wheelock alleged that, though the agreement held that half of the income from the book would go to her and the other half to Lee, Lee cancelled the collaboration in November of 1940 (when Wheelock had already found a publisher for their project) and had the finished work published by Simon & Schuster under her own name. Lee claimed, contrariwise, that a "sample book" which Wheelock had written based on Lee's notes was too dissimilar to the published book for her actions to have constituted a breach of contract.New York Daily News, December 24, 1942. The case was settled out of court.
Political activism Like well-known artists such as Pablo Picasso and Ernest Hemingway, Gypsy Rose Lee was a supporter of the Popular Front movement in the Spanish Civil War and raised money for charity to alleviate the suffering of Spanish children during the conflict. "She became politically active and supported Spanish Loyalists during Spain's Civil War. She also became a fixture at Communist United Front meetings, and was investigated by the House Committee on un-American activities."
Relationships In Hollywood, Lee married Arnold "Bob" Mizzy on August 25, 1937, at the insistence of Twentieth Century-Fox production head Darryl F. Zanuck. She obtained a divorce in 1941, claiming cruelty, although biographer Noralee Frankel suggests the couple agreed that Lee could bring false charges so the divorce could go through uncontested. In 1942, she married William Alexander Kirkland; they divorced in 1944. While married to Kirkland, she gave birth on December 11, 1944, to a son fathered by Otto Preminger. Her son was named Erik Lee, but has since been known successively as Erik Kirkland, Erik de Diego, and Erik Lee Preminger. Lee married a third time in 1948, to Julio de Diego, but that union also ended in divorce.Noralee Frankel (2009) Stripping Gypsy: The Life of Gypsy Rose Lee, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 62, 68, 121–22, 147, 154–66, 195–96.
In 1940, she purchased a townhouse on East 63rd Street in Manhattan with a private courtyard, 26 rooms and seven baths.Zemeckis, Leslie (2013). Behind The Burly Q Check, Delaware: Skyhorse Publishing; Mother Rose continued to demand money from Lee and Havoc. Lee rented a ten-room apartment on West End Avenue in Manhattan for Rose, who opened a boardinghouse for women there. On one occasion in the 1930s, Rose Thompson Hovick allegedly shot and killed a woman who was either a guest at the boardinghouse or a guest on the farm in Highland Mills in Orange County, New York Rose owned. A historical website cites varying reports of which place was the scene of the crime. According to Gypsy's son, Erik Lee Preminger, who is the author of several books, the murder victim was Mother Rose's female lover, who had allegedly made a pass at Gypsy. The violent incident was investigated and reportedly explained away as a suicide. Mother Rose was not prosecuted.
Mother Rose's biographer strongly rejects the possibility this woman, Genevieve Augustine, was Rose's lover, and doubts Rose's complicity in her death in light of Augustine's purported previous suicide attempts., pp. 152–64. Rose Thompson Hovick died in 1954 of colon cancer.
Later years
After the death of their mother, the sisters felt free to write about her without risking a lawsuit. Gypsy: A Memoir was published in 1957 and served as inspiration for the Jule Styne, Stephen Sondheim, and Arthur Laurents 1959 musical Gypsy. June did not like the way she was portrayed in the piece although was eventually persuaded not to oppose it for her sister's sake. The show and the 1962 movie adaptation assured Gypsy a steady income. The sisters were estranged for a period of time but later on reconciled. June, in turn, wrote Early Havoc and More Havoc, to tell her version of their history.
Lee went on to host a daytime San Francisco KGO-TV television talk show, The Gypsy Rose Lee Show (754 episodes, aired 1965–1968). The popular afternoon show featured such guests as Judy Garland, Agnes Moorehead, and Woody Allen, showcasing her love of people, pets and knitting, among other interests.
The walls of her Los Angeles home were adorned with pictures by Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, Max Ernst, and Dorothea Tanning, all reportedly given to her by the artists themselves.
In 1969, she performed for American troops in Vietnam, who, she said, "considered her their sexy grandmother".A revealing look at Gypsy Rose Lee, cbsnews.com. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
Death Lee died as the result of lung cancer in Los Angeles in 1970, aged 59. Upon her death, she left an estate valued at US$575,000 (). She is buried in Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 27219-27220). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
Legacy