This is an incomplete list of areas with either multilingualism at the community level or at the personal level.
There is a distinction between social and personal bilingualism. Many countries, such as Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Finland, India, Ireland, South Africa and Switzerland, which are officially multilingual, may have many monolinguals in their population (Canada exemplifies this situation, as it is a country in which western provinces are predominantly anglophone while the province of Quebec, along with the bilingual New Brunswick, emphasize French prominence in the eastern side). Officially monolingual countries, on the other hand, such as France, can have sizable multilingual populations. Some countries have official languages but also have regional and local official languages, notably Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, Russia, Spain and Taiwan.
Africa Central Africa
Cameroon: French and English (both official),Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon Article 1 as well as Cameroonian Pidgin. Many ethnic and tribal languages including Basaa, Duala, Manenguba, Bikya, Bung, Fula, Kanuri, Ngumba, Yeni, Bamum, Bafia, Bakweri language and many others. Some also have fluency in the German, Portuguese and Spanish languages. Central African Republic: French & Sango (both official)Central African Republic's Constitution of 2004 with Amendments through 2010 Article 18 and 50 other African languages. Chad: French and Arabic (both official)Chad's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2005 Article 9 + more than 100 African languages. Democratic Republic of the Congo: French (official) + Lingala, Kongo, Swahili & Tshiluba (national languages)THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, 2005 Article 1 + 238 other languages. Republic of the Congo: French (official), Lingala and Kituba national languages2002 Constitution of the Republic of the Congo Article 6 plus other dialects, including Kikongo and Kituba. Equatorial Guinea: Spanish, French and Portuguese are the official languages of the country.Fundamental Law of Equatorial Guinea, as amended in 2012 Fang, Bube, Igbo, Pidgin English, Annobonese are also spoken. Gabon: French (official and regional), English, Spanish, Portuguese, Fang, Mbere, Myene, Njebi, Punu, Teke, Vili (regional languages) as well as other languages. São Tomé and Principe: Portuguese (official), Forro Creole, Angolar Creole, Principense Creole (recognized creole languages) as well as other languages.
East Africa
Burundi: Kirundi (national and official),Burundi's Constitution of 2005 Article 5 French and English (both official).English is now official language of Burundi 2014 Kenya: English (official), Swahili (national and official)The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 Article 7 and 100+ other languages (Bantu, Nilotes, Cushites, Indians). Rwanda: Kinyarwanda, English, French and Swahili are all official languages.The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda Article 5 Kinyarwanda is the national language. English is the medium of instruction and the primary language of government and business. Seychelles: French, English & Seychellois Creole are official.Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles Article 4 Tanzania: Swahili is the national language and English and many other indigenous languages.Kiswahili tanzania.go.tz Swahili and English are de facto official languages and Arabic is spoken in Zanzibar. Uganda: English (official), Swahili (second official),Constitution of the Republic of Uganda Article 6 Arabic, Luganda, other Bantu and. Nilo-Saharan languages.
Horn of Africa
Djibouti: French and Arabic (official)Constitution of Djibouti Art. 1 plus Somali (official) & Afar. Eritrea: Tigrinya, Arabic and English are predominantly used in commerce and government affairs. The use and development of nine Eritrean languages (Tigrinya, Bilen, Afar, Saho, Rashaida, Tigre, Kunama, Nara and Hidarib) is encouraged at the local level and children attend primary school through the fifth grade in their mother tongue. Italian is an additional language spoken in commerce.The People of Eritrea Embassy of the State of Eritrea to the Nordic Countries Ethiopia: The federal working language is Amharic. At a regional level, working languages are Tigrigna in Tigray, Afarigna in Afar, Afaan Oromoo in Oromia, Somali in Somali region, and Harari in Harari region. Somalia: Somali (official) and Arabic ("second language" official).Provisional Constitution of Somalia (2012) Article 5 plus English and Italian (foreign languages).
North Africa
Algeria: Arabic and Amazigh (both official and national language in the constitution) plus Algerian Arabic and French (in media, education and business). Egypt: Arabic (official), Coptic, Egyptian Arabic, English and French. Libya: Arabic (official), Amazigh, Tamahaq, Italian and English. Mauritania: Arabic (official and national), French, Poular, Soninke, and Wolof (national).Mauritania's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2012 Article 6 Morocco: Arabic and Amazigh (co-official).Constitution of Morocco Article 5 Moroccan Arabic, Hassaniya (present in the media), French (its wide use in education is legally establishedMoroccan lawmakers vote to bolster French in education system Reuters, 2019), Spanish. Western Sahara (under Moroccan control): Hassaniya, Berber, Moroccan Arabic, Spanish and French. Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (in exile): Arabic (official) and Spanish (official) and French. Sudan: Arabic and English (official working languages)Constitution of Sudan Article 8 plus indigenous African languages. South Sudan: Arabic, English and other indigenous languages. Tunisia: Modern Standard Arabic (official), Tunisian Arabic, French, Berber language, and English language.
Southern Africa
Angola: Portuguese (official language), Cokwe, Kikongo, Oshiwambo, Umbundu, Kimbundu and 32 additional indigenous African languages Botswana: English, Tswana, Kalanga, Khoi, Herero, Afrikaans, Nama, San, Ndebele, Sign language, and 21 others.Botswana Comoros: Comorian, French (official) and Arabic.Constitution of the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros Article 2 Eswatini (Swaziland): English and Swati.The Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005 Art. 3 Lesotho: English and Sotho.Constitution of Lesotho Art. 3 Madagascar: French and Malagasy.Constitution of Madagascar Article 4 Malawi: Chewa (de facto language of national identity) and English (statutory national working language). Both are official. Mauritius: English (official, national), French (administrative, national), Mauritian Creole (lingua franca), Hindi, Mandarin, Tamil, Telugu, Hakka, Urdu, Marathi, Bhojpuri and Arabic. Mozambique: Portuguese (official language) and 43 additional indigenous African languages Namibia: English (official), German, Afrikaans, and Ovambo (recognised regional languages) South Africa: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu (co-official), sign language, Khoi, Nama and San (the languages, which the government is obliged to promote and to create conditions for their development).Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Article 6 Zambia: English (official), Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga, Lozi, Lunda, Kaonde, Luvale, Ila, Mambwe, Namwanga, Tumbuka, Aushi, Lenje, Lala and Lamba, and 57 others (72 in total).Central Statistics Office Central Statistics Office Zimbabwe: Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa (officially recognised).Article 6 Constitution of Zimbabwe
West Africa
Benin: French (official) and many indigenous languages including Fon, Yoruba & Songhay (specifically Dendi). Burkina Faso: French (official), Moore and Jula (regional languages)Burkina Phrasebook Book Description and indigenous Sudanic languages. Cape Verde: Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole.Constitution of the Republic of Cabo Verde Article 9 Gambia: English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula and others. Ghana: English (official), Akan, Dagaare/Wale, Dagbane, Dangme, Ewe, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema and 70 others. Guinea: French (official), Maninka, Fula and Susu. Guinea-Bissau: Portuguese (official), Kriol and indigenous languages. Ivory Coast: French (official), Baule, Jula, and 60 other indigenous languages. Liberia: English (official) and 20 African languages. Mali: French (official), Bambara (most widely spoken), Fula and Songhay (specifically Dendi). 11 languages are used as mediums of instruction in primary schools Mauritania: Arabic (official and recognized national language), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof, Zenaga (recognized national languages) as well as other languages. Niger: French (official) plus ten other languages recognised as national ones,Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales including Hausa (spoken by half the population) and Songhay (specifically Zarma) Nigeria: English (official), Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo are the four languages of the parliamentConstitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Article 55 (each of which has over 20 million speakers) plus 529 other African languages (some of which have over a million speakers) and Nigerian Pidgin. Senegal: French (official), Wolof (widely spoken), Fula (specifically Pulaar), Diola, Malinké, Sérère, Soninké (national languages)Constitution of the Republic of Senegal Article 1 plus other African languages Sierra Leone: English (official), Krio (most widely spoken), Mende, Temne and other African languages Togo: French (official), Ewe, Mina and Kabiyé.
Americas
Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda: No official language at national or local level. Antiguan and Barbudan Creole and English both spoken by majority of the population. Guyanese Creole and Jamaican Patois spoken by over 5% of the population each. Bilingual government services are often provided in Spanish. Aruba: Papiamento and Dutch are the official languages, with Spanish and English also widely spoken. All four languages are taught in schools. Caribbean Netherlands – Dutch (overall), English (Sint Eustatius and Saba) and Papiamentu (Bonaire). Curaçao – Papiamento, Dutch and English are official languages. Spanish is also widely spoken.Over Curaçao Haiti: Creole and FrenchConstitution of Haiti Art. 5 Jamaica: English and Jamaican PatoisThe World Factbook Puerto Rico's official languages + Crawford J. Puerto Rico and Official English 1997 and languages of legislatureConstitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Article III are Spanish and English, yet 85 percent of its inhabitants reported that they did not speak English "very well." Saint Lucia: English and Saint Lucian French CreoleThe World Factbook Trinidad and Tobago – in the predominantly Trinidadian English Creole-speaking country where Trinidadian English is official, Spanish was introduced as the second language of bilingual traffic signs and is spoken among 5% of the population fluently. and is generally the "first foreign language".Spanish Implementation Secretariat Trinidadian Hindustani is rarely used, only spoken among Indo Trinidadian families, mostly the elders who preserve their ancestral language. Sanskrit/Hindi is also used when singing songs of East Indian origins and in the Hindu Temples. Trinidadian French Creole (Patois) is widely spoken in the communities of the northern suburbs of Port of Spain such as Maraval and Paramin, where there are descendants of the early French Immigrants to Trinidad.
Central America
Belize: English, Spanish and Mayan languages have some official usage, although the legacy of British rule emphasised English to be most commonly used for official purposes though the majority are Hispanophone. Dominican Republic: Spanish (official) as well as other languages.