Events Pre-1600 1104 – King Baldwin I of Jerusalem begins the siege of Acre, then held by the Fatimids. 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance. 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Spanish. 1541 – King Henry VIII orders English-language Bibles be placed in every church. In 1539 the Great Bible would be provided for this purpose. 1542 – Francis Xavier reaches Old Goa, the capital of Portuguese India at the time. 1594 – The Dutch city of Coevorden, held by the Spanish, falls to a Dutch and English force.Knight, Charles Raleigh: Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment. Vol I. London, Gale & Polden, 1905, p. 37-38
1601–1900 1659 – English Restoration: A faction of the British Army removes Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth and reinstalls the Rump Parliament. 1682 – Louis XIV of France moves his court to the Palace of Versailles. 1757 – Battle of Prague: A Prussian army fights an Austrian army in Prague during the Seven Years' War. 1757 – The end of Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War, and the end of Burmese Civil War (1740–1757). 1757 – English poet Christopher Smart is admitted into St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics in London, beginning his six-year confinement to mental asylums. 1782 – Construction begins on the Grand Palace, the royal residence of the King of Siam in Bangkok, at the command of King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke. 1801 – Captain Thomas Cochrane in the 14-gun captures the 32-gun Spanish frigate El Gamo. 1835 – James Gordon Bennett, Sr. publishes the first issue of the New York Herald. 1840 – The Penny Black postage stamp becomes valid for use in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 1857 – The East India Company disbands the 34th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry whose sepoy Mangal Pandey had earlier revolted against the British in the lead up to the War of Indian Independence. 1861 – American Civil War: Arkansas secedes from the Union. 1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Chancellorsville ends with a major defeat of the Union's Army of the Potomac under Joseph Hooker by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee. 1877 – Chief Crazy Horse of the Oglala Lakota surrenders to United States troops in Nebraska. 1882 – Thomas Henry Burke and Lord Frederick Cavendish are stabbed to death by Fenian assassins in Phoenix Park, Dublin. 1882 – The United States Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act. 1889 – The Eiffel Tower is officially opened to the public at the Universal Exposition in Paris.
1901–present 1901 – The first issue of Gorkhapatra, the oldest still running state-owned Nepali newspaper, is published. 1906 – The Russian Constitution of 1906 is adopted (on April 23 by the Julian calendar). 1910 – George V becomes King of Great Britain, Ireland, and many overseas territories, on the death of his father, Edward VII. 1915 – Babe Ruth, then a pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, hits his first major league home run. 1915 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: The SY Aurora breaks loose from its anchorage during a gale, beginning a 312-day ordeal. 1916 – Twenty-one Lebanese nationalists are executed in Martyrs' Square, Beirut by Djemal Pasha. 1916 – Vietnamese Emperor Duy Tân is captured while calling upon the people to rise up against the French, and is later deposed and exiled to Réunion island. 1933 – The Deutsche Studentenschaft attack Magnus Hirschfeld's Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, later burning many of its books. 1935 – New Deal: Under the authority of the newly-enacted Federal Emergency Relief Administration, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues Executive Order 7034 to create the Works Progress Administration. 1937 – Hindenburg disaster: The German zeppelin Hindenburg catches fire and is destroyed within a minute while attempting to dock at Lakehurst, New Jersey. Thirty-six people are killed. 1940 – John Steinbeck is awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his novel The Grapes of Wrath. 1941 – At California's March Field, Bob Hope performs his first USO show. 1941 – The first flight of the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. 1942 – World War II: On Corregidor, the last American forces in the Philippines surrender to the Japanese. 1945 – World War II: Axis Sally delivers her last propaganda broadcast to Allied troops. 1945 – World War II: The Prague Offensive, the last major battle of the Eastern Front, begins. 1949 – EDSAC, the first practical electronic digital stored-program computer, runs its first operation. 1954 – Roger Bannister becomes the first person to run the mile in under four minutes. 1960 – More than 20 million viewers watch the first televised royal wedding when Princess Margaret marries Antony Armstrong-Jones at Westminster Abbey. 1966 – Myra Hindley and Ian Brady are sentenced to life imprisonment for the Moors murders in England. 1972 – Deniz Gezmiş, Yusuf Aslan and Hüseyin İnan are executed in Ankara after being convicted of attempting to overthrow the Constitutional order. 1975 – During a lull in fighting, 100,000 Armenians gather in Beirut for the 60th anniversary commemorations of the Armenian genocide. 1976 – The 6.5 Friuli earthquake affects Northern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), leaving 900–978 dead and 1,700–2,400 injured. 1983 – The Hitler Diaries are revealed as a hoax after being examined by new experts. 1984 – One hundred and three Korean Martyrs are canonized by Pope John Paul II in Seoul. 1988 – All thirty-six passengers and crew are killed when Widerøe Flight 710 crashes into Mt. Torghatten in Brønnøy. 1994 – Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and French President François Mitterrand officiate at the opening of the Channel Tunnel. 1996 – The body of former CIA director William Colby is found washed up on a riverbank in southern Maryland, eight days after he disappeared. 1997 – The Bank of England is given independence from political control, the most significant change in the bank's 300-year history. 1998 – Kerry Wood strikes out 20 Houston Astros to tie the major league record held by Roger Clemens. He threw a one-hitter and did not walk a batter in his fifth career start. 1998 – Steve Jobs of Apple Inc. unveils the first iMac. 1999 – The first elections to the devolved Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly are held. 2001 – During a trip to Syria, Pope John Paul II becomes the first pope to enter a mosque. 2002 – Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn is assassinated following a radio interview at the Mediapark in Hilversum. 2004 – The final episode of the television sitcom Friends is aired. 2010 – In just 36 minutes, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges nearly 1,000 points in what is known as the 2010 Flash Crash. 2013 – Three women, kidnapped and missing for more than a decade, are found alive in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. 2023 – The coronation of Charles III and Camilla as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms is held in Westminster Abbey, London. 2023 – Eight people are killed and seven injured in a mass shooting in Allen, Texas. The perpetrator is killed by a police officer.
Births Pre-1600 973 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1024) 1464 – Sophia Jagiellon, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Polish princess (died 1512) 1493 – Girolamo Seripando, Italian theologian and cardinal (died 1563) 1501 – Marcellus II, pope of the Catholic Church (died 1555) 1574 – Innocent X, pope of the Catholic Church (died 1655) 1580 – Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, French noble (died 1637)
1601–1900 1635 – Johann Joachim Becher, German physician and alchemist (died 1682) 1668 – Alain-René Lesage, French author and playwright (died 1747) 1680 – Jean-Baptiste Stuck, Italian-French cellist and composer (died 1755) 1713 – Charles Batteux, French philosopher and academic (died 1780) 1714 – Anton Raaff, German tenor (died 1797) 1742 – Jean Senebier, Swiss pastor and physiologist (died 1809) 1758 – André Masséna, French general (died 1817) 1758 – Maximilien Robespierre, French politician (died 1794) 1769 – Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1824) 1769 – Jean Nicolas Pierre Hachette, French mathematician and academic (died 1834) 1781 – Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, German philosopher and author (died 1832) 1797 – Joseph Brackett, American religious leader and composer (died 1882) 1800 – Roman Sanguszko, Polish general (died 1881) 1827 – Hermann Raster, German-American journalist and politician (died 1891) 1836 – Max Eyth, German engineer and author (died 1906) 1843 – Grove Karl Gilbert, American geologist and academic (died 1918) 1848 – Henry Edward Armstrong, English chemist and academic (died 1937) 1851 – Aristide Bruant, French singer and actor (died 1925) 1856 – Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst (died 1939) 1856 – Robert Peary, American admiral and explorer (died 1920) 1861 – Motilal Nehru, Indian lawyer and politician, President of the Indian National Congress (died 1931) 1868 – Gaston Leroux, French journalist and author (died 1927) 1869 – Junnosuke Inoue, Japanese businessman and central banker, 8th and 11th Governor of the Bank of Japan (died 1932) 1870 – Walter Rutherford, Scottish golfer (died 1936) 1871 – Victor Grignard, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1935) 1871 – Christian Morgenstern, German author and poet (died 1914) 1872 – Willem de Sitter, Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer (died 1934) 1872 – Djemal Pasha, Ottoman general (died 1922) 1879 – Bedřich Hrozný, Czech orientalist and linguist (died 1952) 1879 – Hendrik van Heuckelum, Dutch footballer (died 1929) 1880 – Winifred Brunton, English-South African painter and illustrator (died 1959) 1880 – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, German-Swiss painter (died 1938) 1883 – Alberto Collo, Italian actor (died 1955) 1895 – Júlio César de Mello e Souza, Brazilian mathematician and author (died 1974) 1895 – Fidél Pálffy, Hungarian soldier and politician, Hungarian Minister of Agriculture (died 1946) 1895 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (died 1926) 1896 – Rolf Maximilian Sievert, Swedish physicist and academic (died 1966) 1897 – Paul Alverdes, German author and poet (died 1979) 1898 – Konrad Henlein, Czech soldier and politician (died 1945)
1901–present 1902 – Max Ophüls, German-American director and screenwriter (died 1957) 1903 – Toots Shor, American businessman, founded Toots Shor's Restaurant (died 1977) 1904 – Moshé Feldenkrais, Ukrainian-Israeli physicist and academic (died 1984) 1904 – Catherine Lacey, English actress (died 1979) 1904 – Harry Martinson, Swedish novelist, essayist, and poet Nobel Prize laureate (died 1978) 1906 – André Weil, French mathematician and academic (died 1998) 1907 – Peter Barnes, Executed Irish Republican (died 1940) 1907 – Weeb Ewbank, American football player and coach (died 1998) 1911 – Guy des Cars, French journalist and author (died 1993) 1913 – Carmen Cavallaro, American pianist (died 1989) 1913 – Stewart Granger, English-American actor (died 1993) 1915 – Orson Welles, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1985) 1915 – Theodore H. White, American historian, journalist, and author (died 1986) 1916 – Robert H. Dicke, American physicist and astronomer (died 1997) 1918 – Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, emir of Abu Dhabi and first president of the United Arab Emirates (died 2004) 1920 – Kamisese Mara, Fijian politician, 1st Prime Minister of Fiji (died 2004) 1923 – Harry Watson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (died 2002) 1924 – Nestor Basterretxea, Spanish painter and sculptor (died 2014) 1924 – Patricia Helen Kennedy, American socialite, activist, and author (died 2006) 1929 – Rosemary Cramp, English archaeologist and academic (died 2023)