Events Pre-1600 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city. 526 – A catastrophic earthquake hits Antioch, killing several thousands including patriarch Euphrasius. 757 – Election of pope Paul I following the death of pope Stephen II in the previous month. 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under the command of Tamim ibn Yusuf defeat a Castile and León alliance under the command of Prince Sancho Alfónsez. 1138 – Antipope Victor IV gives up his claim to the papacy due to the instigation of Bernard of Clairvaux. 1167 – Battle of Monte Porzio: A Roman army supporting Pope Alexander III is defeated by Christian of Buch and Rainald of Dassel. 1176 – Battle of Legnano: The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I. 1233 – Mongol–Jin war: The Mongols enter Kaifeng after a successful siege and begin looting in the fallen capital of the Jin dynasty. 1328 – Philip VI is crowned King of France. 1416 – Battle of Gallipoli: The Venetians under Pietro Loredan defeat a much larger Ottoman fleet off Gallipoli. 1453 – Fall of Constantinople: Ottoman armies under Sultan Mehmed II capture Constantinople after a 53-day siege, ending the Roman Empire after over 2,000 years. 1555 – The Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire sign a peace treaty to end the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555.
1601–1900 1658 – Battle of Samugarh: Decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of succession (1658–1659). 1660 – English Restoration: Charles II is restored to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. 1733 – The right of settlers in New France to enslave natives is upheld at Quebec City. 1780 – American Revolutionary War: At the Waxhaws Massacre, the British continue attacking after the Continentals lay down their arms, killing 113 and critically wounding all but 53 that remained. 1790 – Rhode Island becomes the last of North America's original Thirteen Colonies to ratify the Constitution and become one of the United States. 1798 – United Irishmen Rebellion: Between 300 and 500 United Irishmen are executed as rebels by the British Army in County Kildare, Ireland. 1807 – Mustafa IV becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam. 1825 – The Coronation of Charles X of France takes place in Reims Cathedral, the last-ever coronation of a French monarch. 1851 – Sojourner Truth delivers her famous Ain't I a Woman? speech at the Woman's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. 1852 – Jenny Lind leaves New York after her two-year American tour. 1861 – The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce is founded, in Hong Kong. 1864 – Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico arrives in Mexico for the first time. 1867 – The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ("the Compromise") is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1886 – The pharmacist John Pemberton places his first advertisement for Coca-Cola, which appeared in The Atlanta Journal. 1900 – N'Djamena is founded as Fort-Lamy by the French commander Émile Gentil.
1901–present 1903 – In the May Coup, Alexander I, King of Serbia, and Queen Draga, are assassinated in Belgrade by the Black Hand (Crna Ruka) organization. 1913 – Igor Stravinsky's ballet score The Rite of Spring receives its premiere performance in Paris, France, provoking a near-riot. 1914 – The ocean liner sinks in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence with the loss of 1,012 lives. 1918 – Armenia defeats the Ottoman Army in the Battle of Sardarabad. 1919 – Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity is tested (later confirmed) by Arthur Eddington and Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin. 1920 – The Louth flood of 1920, a severe flash flood in the Lincolnshire market town of Louth, results in 23 fatalities in 20 minutes. It has been described as one of the most significant flood disasters in the United Kingdom during the 20th century. 1931 – Michele Schirru, a citizen of the United States, is executed by a Royal Italian Army firing squad for intent to kill Benito Mussolini. 1932 – World War I veterans begin to assemble in Washington, D.C., in the Bonus Army to request cash bonuses promised to them to be paid in 1945. 1935 – First flight of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aeroplane. 1945 – First combat mission of the Consolidated B-32 Dominator heavy bomber. 1947 – United Airlines Flight 521 crashes at LaGuardia Airport, killing 43. 1948 – United Nations Truce Supervision Organization is founded. 1950 – The St. Roch, the first ship to circumnavigate North America, arrives in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1953 – Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay become the first people to reach the summit of Mount Everest, on Tenzing Norgay's (adopted) 39th birthday. 1962 – Chinese police open fire on protesters in Yining, Xinjiang, killing at least five people and wounding a dozen others. 1964 – The Arab League meets in East Jerusalem to discuss the Palestinian question, leading to the formation of the Palestine Liberation Organization. 1964 – Having deposed them in a January coup South Vietnamese leader Nguyễn Khánh has rival Generals Trần Văn Đôn and Lê Văn Kim convicted of "lax morality". 1973 – Tom Bradley is elected the first black mayor of Los Angeles, California. 1974 – SETA, a Finnish LGBT rights organisation, is founded in Helsinki. 1982 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit Canterbury Cathedral. 1982 – Falklands War: The British Army defeats the Argentine Army at the Battle of Goose Green. 1985 – Heysel Stadium disaster: Thirty-nine association football fans die and hundreds are injured when a dilapidated retaining wall collapses. 1985 – Amputee Steve Fonyo completes cross-Canada marathon at Victoria, British Columbia, after 14 months. 1988 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan begins his first visit to the Soviet Union when he arrives in Moscow for a superpower summit with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. 1989 – Signing of an agreement between Egypt and the United States that allows for the manufacture of F-16 Falcon parts in Egypt. 1990 – The Congress of People's Deputies of Russia elects Boris Yeltsin as President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. 1993 – The Miss Sarajevo beauty pageant is held in war-torn Sarajevo drawing global attention to the plight of its citizens. 1999 – Olusegun Obasanjo takes office as President of Nigeria, the first elected and civilian head of state in Nigeria after 16 years of military rule. 1999 – Space Shuttle Discovery completes the first docking with the International Space Station. 2001 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the disabled golfer Casey Martin can use a cart to ride in tournaments. 2004 – The National World War II Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C. 2005 – France rejects the Constitution of the European Union in a national referendum. 2008 – A doublet earthquake, of combined magnitude 6.1, strikes Iceland near the town of Selfoss, injuring 30 people. 2012 – A 5.8-magnitude earthquake hits northern Italy near Bologna, killing at least 24 people. 2015 – One World Observatory at One World Trade Center opens. 2020 – An oil spill in Norilsk releases 17,500 tons of diesel oil into nearby rivers. 2021 – A Cessna Citation I/SP crashes into Percy Priest Lake in Tennessee, killing all six people on board, including actor Joe Lara and his wife Gwen Shamblin Lara. 2022 – Tara Air Flight 197 crashes in Nepal's Mustang District, killing 22.
Births Pre-1600 1421 – Charles, Prince of Viana (died 1461) 1443 – Victor, Duke of Münsterberg, Reichsgraf, Duke of Münsterberg and Opava, Count of Glatz (died 1500) 1504 – Antun Vrančić, Croatian archbishop (died 1573) 1555 – George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes, English general and administrator (died 1629) 1568 – Virginia de' Medici, Italian princess (died 1615) 1594 – Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Bavarian field marshal (died 1632)
1601–1900 1627 – Anne, Duchess of Montpensier, French princess (died 1693) 1630 – Charles II of England (died 1685) 1675 – Humphry Ditton, English mathematician and philosopher (died 1715) 1716 – Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, French zoologist and mineralogist (died 1800) 1722 – James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster, Irish soldier and politician (died 1773) 1730 – Jackson of Exeter, English organist and composer (died 1803) 1736 – Patrick Henry, American lawyer and politician, 1st Governor of Virginia (died 1799) 1780 – Henri Braconnot, French chemist and pharmacist (died 1855) 1794 – Johann Heinrich von Mädler, German astronomer and selenographer (died 1874) 1797 – Louise-Adéone Drölling, French painter (died 1836) 1823 – John H. Balsley, American carpenter and inventor (died 1895) 1860 – Isaac Albéniz, Spanish pianist and composer (died 1909) 1871 – Clark Voorhees, American painter (died 1933) 1873 – Rudolf Tobias, Estonian organist and composer (died 1918) 1874 – G. K. Chesterton, English essayist, poet, and playwright (died 1936) 1880 – Oswald Spengler, German historian and philosopher (died 1936) 1892 – Alfonsina Storni, Swiss-Argentinian poet and author (died 1938) 1893 – Max Brand, American journalist and author (died 1944) 1894 – Beatrice Lillie, Canadian-English actress, singer and writer (died 1989) 1894 – Josef von Sternberg, Austrian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1969) 1897 – Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Czech-American pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1957) 1899 – Douglas Abbott, Canadian lawyer and politician, 10th Canadian Minister of Defence (died 1987)
1901–present 1902 – Harry Kadwell, Australian rugby league player and coach (died 1999) 1903 – Bob Hope, English-American actor, singer, and producer (died 2003) 1904 – Hubert Opperman, Australian cyclist and politician (died 1996) 1905 – Sebastian Shaw, English actor, director, and playwright (died 1994) 1906 – T. H. White, Indian-English author (died 1964) 1907 – Hartland Molson, Canadian captain and politician (died 2002) 1908 – Diana Morgan, Welsh-English playwright and screenwriter (died 1996) 1910 – Aleksandr Laktionov, Soviet painter (died 1972) 1910 – Ralph Metcalfe, American sprinter and politician (died 1978) 1913 – Tony Zale, American boxer (died 1997) 1914 – Stacy Keach Sr., American actor (died 2003) 1914 – Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese-Indian mountaineer (died 1986) 1915 – Karl Münchinger, German conductor and composer (died 1990) 1917 – John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (died 1963) 1917 – Marcel Trudel, Canadian historian, author, and academic (died 2011) 1919 – Jacques Genest, Canadian physician and academic (died 2018) 1920 – John Harsanyi, Hungarian-American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2000) 1920 – Clifton James, American actor (died 2017) 1921 – Norman Hetherington, Australian cartoonist and puppeteer (died 2010) 1922 – Edith Roger, Norwegian dancer and choreographer (died 2023) 1922 – Joe Weatherly, American race car driver (died 1964) 1922 – Iannis Xenakis, Greek-French composer, engineer, and theorist (died 2001) 1923 – Bernard Clavel, French author (died 2010) 1923 – John Parker, 6th Earl of Morley, English colonel and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Devon (died 2015) 1923 – Eugene Wright, American jazz bassist (died 2020) 1924 – Lars Bo, Danish author and illustrator (died 1999) 1924 – Miloslav Kříž, Czech basketball player and coach (died 2013) 1924 – Pepper Paire, American baseball player (died 2013) 1926 – Katie Boyle, Italian-English actress and television host (died 2018) 1926 – Halaevalu Mataʻaho ʻAhomeʻe, Queen Consort of Tonga (died 2017) 1926 – Abdoulaye Wade, Senegalese academic and politician, 3rd President of Senegal 1927 – Jean Coutu, Canadian pharmacist and businessman, founded the Jean Coutu Group 1928 – Freddie Redd, American jazz pianist and composer (died 2021) 1929 – Harry Frankfurt, American philosopher and academic (died 2023)