Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth evolved over for centuries of its existence from the signing of the Union of Lublin to the third partition.

The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several central, eastern, and northern European countries: Poland (except western Poland), Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, most of Ukraine, parts of Russia, southern half of Estonia, and smaller pieces in Slovakia and Moldova.

Terminology While the term "Poland" was also commonly used to denote this whole polity, Poland was in fact only part of a greater whole – the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which comprised primarily two parts: the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Poland proper), colloquially "the Crown"; and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, colloquially "Lithuania".

The Crown in turn comprised two "prowincjas": Greater Poland and Lesser Poland. These and a third province, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, were the only three regions that were properly termed "provinces". The Commonwealth was further divided into smaller administrative units known as voivodeships (województwa – note that some sources use the word palatinate instead of voivodeship). Each voivodeship was governed by a Voivode (governor). Voivodeships were further divided into powiats (often translated as county) being governed by a starosta generalny or grodowy. Cities were governed by castellans. There were frequent exceptions to these rules, often involving the ziemia subunit of administration: for details on the administrative structure of the Commonwealth, see the article on offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Royal lands (królewszczyzna) further divided into starostwa, each starostwo being governed by a starosta niegrodowy.

Administrative division By provinces, voivodeships and lesser entities.

Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

Crown of the Kingdom of Poland or just colloquially The Crown () is the name for the territories under Polish direct administration in the times of Kingdom of Poland until the end of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795.

Coat of armsBanner Voivodeship after 1569 Capital Year established Number of powiats (counties) Area (km2) Bełz Voivodeship Bełz (Belz) 1462 4 powiats 9,000 Bracław Voivodeship Bracław (Bratslav) 1569 2 powiats 31,500 Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship Brześć Kujawski 14th century 5 powiats 3,000 Chełmno Voivodeship Chełmno 1454 7 powiats 4,654 Czernihów Voivodeship Czernihów (Chernihiv) 1635 2 powiats Gniezno Voivodeship Gniezno 1768 3 powiats 7,500 Inowrocław Voivodeship Inowrocław 1364 3 powiats 5,877 Kalisz Voivodeship Kalisz 1314 6 powiats 15,000 Kijów Voivodeship Kijów (Kyiv) 1471 3 powiats 200,000 Kraków Voivodeship Kraków 14th century 4 powiats 17,500 Lublin Voivodeship Lublin 1474 3 powiats 10,000 Łęczyca Voivodeship Łęczyca 1772 3 powiats 4,000 Malbork Voivodeship Malbork 1466 4 powiats 2,000 Masovian Voivodeship Warsaw 1526 23 powiats 23,000 Podole Voivodeship Kamieniec Podolski (Kamianets-Podilskyi) 1434 3 powiats 17,750 Pomeranian Voivodeship Skarszewy 1466 8 powiats 12,907 Poznań Voivodeship Poznań 14th century 4 powiats 15,500 Płock Voivodeship Płock 1495 8 powiats 3,500 Podlaskie Voivodeship Drohiczyn 1513 3 powiats 10,530 Rawa Voivodeship Rawa Mazowiecka 1462 6 powiats 6,000 Ruthenian Voivodeship Lwów (Lviv) 1434 13 powiats 83,000 Sandomierz Voivodeship Sandomierz 14th century 6 powiats 24,000 Sieradz Voivodeship Sieradz 1339 4 powiats 10,000 Volhynian Voivodeship Łuck (Lutsk) 1569 3 powiats 38,000

Two important ecclesiastical entities with high degree of autonomy within the Crown of Poland were Duchy of Siewierz and Prince-Bishopric of Warmia.

Fiefs of Crown of Poland included the Lauenburg and Bütow Land and two condominiums (joint domain) with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia.

Some enclaves in the Hungarian area of Spisz were also part of Poland (due to the Treaty of Lubowla).

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania or just colloquially Lithuania () is the name for the territories under direct Lithuanian administration during medieval sovereign Lithuanian statehood, and later until the end of common Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth statehood in 1795.

Just before the Union of Lublin (1569), four voivodeships (Kiev, Podlaskie, Bracław, and Wołyń) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were transferred to the Polish Crown by direct order of Sigismund II Augustus, and the Duchy of Livonia, acquired in 1561, became a condominium (joint domain) of both Lithuania and Poland. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was another condominium.

After 1569, Lithuania had eight voivodeships and one eldership remaining:

Voivodeship after 1569 Coat of armsBanner Capital Year established Number of powiats Area (km2) in 1590 Brześć Litewski Voivodeship Brześć Litewski (Brest) 1566 2 powiats 40,600 Mińsk Voivodeship Mińsk Litewski (Minsk) 1566 3 powiats 55,500 Mścisław Voivodeship Mścisław (Mstsislaw) 1566 1 powiat 22,600 Nowogródek Voivodeship Nowogródek (Novogrudok) 1507 3 powiats 33,200 Połock Voivodeship Połock (Polotsk) 1504 1 powiat 21,800 Samogitian Eldership Raseiniai 1411 1 powiat 23,300 Smoleńsk Voivodeship Smoleńsk (Smolensk) 1508 2 powiats Trakai Voivodeship Trakai 1413 4 powiats 31,100 Vilnius Voivodeship Vilnius 1413 5 powiats 44,200 Witebsk Voivodeship Witebsk (Vitebsk) 1511 2 powiats 24,600

One of the oldest Lithuanian territories, the Duchy of Samogitia, had a status equal to that of a voivodeship, but retained the name Duchy.

After the Livonian War (1558–1582), Lithuania acquired vassal state Duchy of Courland with capital in Jelgava.

Fiefs

Duchy of Prussia (1569–1657)

The Duchy of Prussia was a duchy in the eastern part of Prussia from 1525 to 1701. In 1525 during the Protestant Reformation, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Albert of Hohenzollern, secularized the Prussian State of the Teutonic Order, becoming Albert, Duke in Prussia. His duchy, which had its capital in Königsberg (Kaliningrad), was established as a fief of the Crown of Poland, as had been Teutonic Prussia since the Second Peace of Thorn in October 1466. This treaty had ended the War of the Cities or Thirteen Years' War and provided for the Order's cession of its rights over the western half of its territories to the Polish crown, which became the province of Royal Prussia, while the remaining part of the Order's land became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569). In the 17th century King John II Casimir of Poland submitted Frederick William to regain Prussian suzerainty in return for supporting Poland against Sweden. On 29 July 1657, they signed the Treaty of Wehlau in Wehlau (Polish: Welawa; now Znamensk), whereby Frederick William renounced a previous Swedish-Prussian alliance and John Casimir recognised Frederick William's full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia.Henryk Rutkowski, 'Rivalität der Magnaten und Bedrohung der Souveränität', in: Polen. Ein geschichtliches Panorama, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Interpress, 1983, pp. 81-91, here p. 83. Full sovereignty was a necessary prerequisite for upgrading the Duchy to Kingdom of Prussia in 1701.

Duchy of Livonia (Inflanty) (1569–1772)

The Duchy of LivoniaTrade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North , p 17 was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – and later a joint domain (Condominium) of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Coat of arms Voivodeship Capital Year established Number of starostwos (districts) Area (km2) Dorpat Voivodeship Dorpat (Tartu) 1598 5 starostwos 9,000 Parnawa Voivodeship Parnawa (Pärnu) 1598 8 starostwos 12,000 Wenden Voivodeship Wenden (Cēsis) 1598 15 starostwos 30,000 Inflanty Voivodeship Dyneburg (Daugavpils) 1621 4 starostwos 12,000

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Courland) (1562–1791)

The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia is a duchy in the Baltic region that existed from 1562 to 1791 as a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1685, District of Pilten was in union with the duchy. In 1791 it gained full independence, but on 28 March 1795, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland. The duchy also had colonies in Tobago and Gambia

Protectorates Caffa

In 1462, during the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Tatars, Caffa placed itself under the protection of King Casimir IV of Poland. The proposition of protection was accepted by the Polish king but when the real danger came, help for Caffa never arrived.Historia Polski Średniowiecze, Stanisław Szczur, Kraków 2002, s. 537.

Reforms of the 1793 Grodno Sejm Following the territorial losses of the Second Partition of Poland, the Grodno Sejm of 1793 introduced a new administrative division (italic marks new voivodeships): in the Crown: Chełm Voivodeship, Ciechanów Voivodeship, Kraków Voivodeship, Lublin Voivodeship, Masovian Voivodeship, Podlasie Voivodeship, Sandomierz Voivodeship, Warsaw Voivodeship, Włodzimierz Voivodeship and Wołyń Voivodeship in the Grand Duchy: Brasław Voivodeship, Brześć Voivodeship, Grodno Voivodeship, Merecz Voivodeship, Nowogródek Voivodeship, Troki Voivodeship, Wilno Voivodeship, Żmudź Voivodeship (Samogitian Voivodeship)

Proposed divisions

Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish Commonwealth (1592–1599) Between 1592 and 1599, a Polish–Swedish union between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Sweden existed but was never stabilized. It began when Sigismund III Vasa, elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was crowned King of Sweden following the death of his father John III. The union ended following a civil war in Sweden in which he lost the crown to his uncle, who eventually became Charles IX.

Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth (1610–1613) Plans for a Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth were never realized, despite many attempts by various means to create such a union organised between 1574 and 1658 and in the late 18th century, of which most of them during the Time of Troubles. The idea of such state have never materialized because of the incompatible demands from both sides. During the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18) the Polish Prince (later, King) Władysław IV Waza was briefly elected Tsar of Muscovy.

Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth (1658–1659) Thought was given at various times to the creation of a Grand Duchy of Ruthenia, particularly during the 1648 Cossack insurrection against Polish rule in Ukraine. Such a Duchy, as proposed in the 1658 Treaty of Hadiach, would have been a full member of the Commonwealth, which would thereupon have become a tripartite Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth, but due to szlachta demands, Muscovite invasion, and division among the Cossacks, the plan was never implemented.

References