Henry Bool (1846 – March 27, 1922) was an English-American individualist anarchist.
Bool was born in England and in mid 1872 emigrated to Ithaca, NY. In Ithaca, he worked initially as a carpenter, helping to build the house of Ezra Cornell. But he soon became wealthy by selling magazine subscriptions to The Golden Age and The Independent on the side. In 1873 Bool opened a store that sold furniture, frames, and general goods. In 1879, he married Ithaca native Elizabeth Reed, 18 years his senior.
Bool’s business activities in Ithaca expanded significantly in the late nineteenth century. His operations, based in the Forest Home area, included furniture manufacturing, picture framing, and the production of scientific supplies, including entomological slides and custom sewing machine parts for the Singer Corporation.The Ithaca Journal, "Ithaca Firm's Products Sent All Over World," February 8, 1916, p. 3.Miller, J. A. Ithaca, N.Y. as a city of residence and manufacture. Elmira, NY: Elmira, Cortland, and Northern Railroad Company, 1891, p. 34.
His commercial activities also extended into floriculture. The Bool Floral Company was established in 1894 in cooperation with his nephew Arthur."Bool Business Incorporated." Florists' Review, vol. 48, no. 1, July 28, 1921, pp. 23–24. Their greenhouses, located both to Ithaca's northeast (Booltown) and southwest (Floral Ave.), were later noted as a prominent feature of Ithaca’s landscape into the mid-twentieth century.Bell, Barbara. "Ambitious Mr. Bool: The Early Ecologist." The Ithaca Journal, April 3, 1976, p. 24.
In 1890, Bool reorganized his home goods business into a cooperative enterprise employing approximately thirty workers; contemporary accounts describe him as paying comparatively high wages and implementing a 50-percent profit-sharing system with employees.Miller, J. A. Ithaca, N.Y. as a city of residence and manufacture. Elmira, NY: Elmira, Cortland, and Northern Railroad Company, 1891, p. 34.The Ithaca Journal, May 17, 1950, p. 6.Landesman, Stephen G., "Taking a Stand," The Ithaca Journal, January 6, 1999, pp. 1A–6A.
Around this time he began withdrawing from active commercial life, selling much of his business property and devoting himself increasingly to reading and reform activity. As one account states, "And then one day he woke up to a realization of the usefulness and folly of spending any more of his time at the money-making game."Platt, Chester C. "Henry Bool, Radical." Unity, May 3, 1923, Vol. 91, no. 10, pp. 156–157. He devoted himself to reading, writing, and the wide circulation of anarchist and reform literature, reportedly distributing tens of thousands of pamphlets and maintaining a private lending library.Lucifer, the Light-Bearer, October 29, 1905, p. 403.
In 1899, Bool reflected on the contradictions of his own economic position, writing:
After the 1901 assassination of William McKinley by self-declared anarchist Leon Czolgosz, Bool came under scrutiny for his beliefs, with The Ithaca Journal recommending a boycott of his businesses. In response, he published a defense of anarchism that condemned Czolgosz, titled Henry Bool’s Apology for His Jeffersonian Anarchism. The journal Liberty noted that Bool, "well-nigh single-handed, almost alone even among Anarchists, made heroic efforts to stem the tide of [anti-Anarchist] insanity that swept the country."Liberty (New York: Benjamin R. Tucker), vol. 14, no. 5 (January 1903), p. 2.
Bool's anarchism was utopian and pacifist; in Ithaca he was called "our local Thoreau." He wrote, “I am a believer in the doctrines of the individualistic school of Anarchists, to which Garrison, Emerson, Proudhon, Thoreau, Spooner, Andrews, Warren and Tucker belong.” He maintained a close relationship with editor Benjamin Tucker, corresponding with him in 1899 regarding the publication of Oscar Wilde’s The Ballad of Reading Gaol and contributing $500 to Tucker’s efforts. Bool also funded the republication of works by Stephen Pearl Andrews. He opposed both propaganda by the deed and communist anarchism.
In his later years, Bool spent winters in Florida, first establishing a residence in Coconut Grove around 1904 and maintaining connections there, including property purchases associated with Joseph Labadie.Anderson, Carlotta R. All-American Anarchist, p. 217. Following the death of his wife in 1910, he returned to England and settled in Montacute, Somerset, though he continued to hold property interests.Anderson, Carlotta R. All-American Anarchist, p. 292. Reports suggest that the couple had spent increasing periods apart in the years preceding her death.Platt, Chester C. "Henry Bool, Radical." Unity, May 3, 1923, pp. 156–157.
Bool remained an active public voice into the twentieth century, writing in defense of anarchism, corresponding with public figures including Theodore Roosevelt, and advocating for causes such as free speech and the defense of controversial reformers including Ida Craddock and Moses Harman.Coolridge, Cyrus W. "The Craddock Dinner." Lucifer, the Light-Bearer, July 10, 1902, pp. 201–202. During World War I, his opposition to U.S. participation reportedly led to surveillance and censorship.Goodman, Dena. "Henry Bool's Anarchism and the American Dream." The Ithaca Journal, August 29, 1974, p. 15.
Bool died at his birthplace of Montacute on March 27, 1922, following a ten-day illness attributed to bronchial pneumonia; he was cremated.Platt, Chester C. "Henry Bool, Radical." Unity, May 3, 1923, pp. 156–157.
His papers are held in the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan.
References
External links Henry Bool’s Apology for His Jeffersonian Anarchism by Henry Bool (1901) Liberty Without Invasion, Means and End of Progress by Henry Bool (1898)