Bontoc (Bontok) is a macrolanguage native to the indigenous Bontoc people of the Mountain Province, in the northern part of the Philippines.
Specific languages Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the five Bontok languages. Speaker populations from the 2007 census, as quoted in Ethnologue.
Language Location of speakers Dialects No. of speakers Ref Central Bontok() Bontoc (Bontoc ili, Caluttit, Dalican, Guina-ang, Ma-init, Maligcong, Samoki, and Tocucan) Khinina-ang Finontok Sinamoki Jinallik Minaligkhong Tinokukan 19,600 Ethnologue, Central Bontok Eastern Bontok() Barlig (Barlig, Kadaklan, Lias) Finallig Kinajakran (Kenachakran) Liniyas 6,170 Ethnologue, Eastern Bontok Northern Bontok() Sadanga (Anabel, Bekigan, Belwang, Betwagan, Demang, Sacasacan, Saclit, and Sadanga Poblacion);Southern Kalinga 9,700 Ethnologue, Northern Bontok Southern Bontok Bontoc (Talubin, Bayyo, and Can-eo) Tinoveng Kanan-ew 2,760 Ethnologue, Southern Bontok Southwestern Bontok Bontoc (Alab, Balili, Gonogon, and villages in the Chico River valley, southwest of the municipal capital Bontoc, along Halsema Highway) Ina-ab Binalili Ginonogon 2,470 Ethnologue, Southwestern Bontok
Phonology + Consonant phonemes Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal Plosive Fricative Rhotic ~ Approximant The archiphoneme has , , and as its allophones. The allophone occurs word-initially, adjacent to , as the second member of a consonant cluster consisting of a coronal consonant and , and as the second member of any consonant cluster preceded by . occurs in free variation with word-initially, but otherwise occurs in complementary distribution with it. occurs in free variation with and word-initially, and with elsewhere. These /r/ sounds are even applied to loanwords from Ilokano and Tagalog, and Spanish loanwords from the 2 languages. The plosives , , , and have, respectively, (representing an interdental consonant), , , and as their syllable-initial allophones. The voiced stop also has and as its allophones. Both of these allophones occur as the first member of a geminate cluster. They are in free variation. The approximant has one allophone: . occurs after . + Vowel phonemes Front Back High Mid Close becomes a slightly centralized when in a syllable whose coda is . When in the nucleus, and are slightly raised and is lowered.
There are two degrees of stress in Bontoc: primary and secondary. Primary stress is phonemic and secondary stress is predictable. Both types are right-oriented and occur on one of the last three syllables. Stress's effects include higher pitch, louder volume, and lengthening of the syllable nucleus, though these are all subject to certain rules pertaining to word prosody.
Example text
The Lord's Prayer
References
Further reading
External links Talking Dictionary of Khinina-ang Bontok - online Bontoc Dictionary based on the speech community of Guina-ang, compiled by Lawrence A. Reid