Pano-Tacanan (also Pano-Takana, Pano-Takánan, Pano-Tacana, Páno-Takána) is a proposed and generally accepted family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, Bolivia and northern Paraguay. There are two close-knit branches, Panoan and Tacanan (Adelaar & Muysken 2004; Kaufman 1990, 1994), with 33 languages. There are lexical and grammatical similarities between the two branches, but it has not yet been demonstrated that these are genetic (Loos 1999).
Most Panoan languages are spoken in either Peru or western Brazil; a few are in Bolivia. All Tacanan languages are spoken in Bolivia (Ese’ejja is also spoken in Peru).
Genealogical relations Migliazza has presented lexical evidence in support of a genetic relationship between the Panoan and Yanomaman languages. He also suggests that a Panoan–Chibchan relationship is plausible.
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawakan languages due to contact.
Comparison Below is a list of lexical cognates shared between Proto-Pano and Proto-Takana, demonstrating the genetic relatedness of the Pano and Takana branches. The two branches also share many basic cognate grammatical morphemes.
gloss proto-Pano proto-Takana proto-Pano-Takana tree *hiwi *akwi **hegwi tooth *ʂɨ- *t͡ʂe- **ʂɨ- two *ɾa-ßɨta *beta **bɨta liver *takwa *takwa **takwa leaf *pɨʔi *pei ‘to fan’ **pɨʔi bone *ʂao *t͡ʂau **ʂau tongue *hana *ana **hana hand *mɨ- *me- **mɨ- night *(ya)mɨtV *meta **mɨta skin *ßitsi *biti **bitsi fire *tsiʔi *ti **tsiʔi knee *ɾã- *da **da-n blood *himi *ami **hemi breast *ʂo- *aṭṣu **aṣu sun *ßari *badi ‘moon’ **badi I *ʔɨ *e **ʔɨ you (sg.) *mi *mi **mi come *ßɨ- ‘come, bring’ *be- ‘bring’ **bɨ- flesh *nami *ɾami **Nami fat (n.) *ʂɨni *ṭṣeri **ṣɨNi fingernail *mɨ̃-tsis[i] *metiji **mɨ-tsizi foot, leg *ta- ‘foot’ *ta- ‘leg’ **ta- lip, edge *kwɨ- *kwe(i)- **kwɨ ~ **kɨ- cheek *tamo *tamu **tamu mouth *kwɨʂa[CV] *kwat͡ʂa **kweʂa elbow *βaȿ(u)- *–batʂu **baṣu howler monkey *ɾoʔo *duʔu **duʔu mother *ɨwa *e-kwa **ɨ-kwa big *ani *aɾi **aNi flute *ɾɨwɨ *dewe **dɨwɨ hole *kini *kani **keni
Bibliography Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. . Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). "The native languages of South America." In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. Suárez, Jorge A. (1973). Macro-Pano-Tacanan. In International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 137–154. The University of Chicago Press. Accessed from DiACL.
References
External links
Proel: Familia Pano-Tacanana Proel: Familia Panoana Proel: Familia Tacanana