Birzeit

Birzeit (), also Bir Zeit (), is a Palestinian Christian town north of Ramallah, in the West Bank. Its population in the 2017 census was 5,878. Birzeit is home to Birzeit University and to the Birzeit Brewery.

Etymology The origins of Birzeit are not documented, but the archaeological remains present in the municipality date back to Roman and Byzantine times. The Arabic name bir zeit, meaning "well of [olive] oil ,"Palmer, 1881, p. 227 likely derives from those periods, as olive oil was traditionally stored in wells dug in the ground. Six of these wells still remain in the historic center of the town, although they are currently disused.

Location Bir Zeit is located north of Ramallah. It is bordered by Jifna and Ein Siniya to the east, 'Atara to the north, Burham, Kobar and Al-Zaytouneh to the west, and Abu Qash to the south.

History Sherds from the Iron Age II, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Mamluk eras have been found.Finkelstein et al, 1997, p. 426About Birzeit , Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation

West of the town, at Khirbat Bir Zait, sherds have been found from Iron Age I to the early Ottoman era, with most of them dating back to Iron Age II. The Iron Age ruins span the peak and western slope, while the medieval remnants cluster near the sizable building on the eastern slope.Finkelstein et al, 1997, p. 417 Here are the remains of a building which have been dated to the Crusader era.Pringle, 1997, p. 34Ellenblum, 2003, pp. 125 n17; 239 -240 Guérin first noted the remains of a buildings 50 paces on each side. He thought it could be from the Byzantine era or later.Guérin, 1869, p. 34, referred to in Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 329 The ruin has been identified with the biblical location of Birzaith. It also identified with Bethzetho and Bethzaith, a village mentioned in 1 Maccabees and by Josephus in relation to Judas Maccabeus' war with Bacchides.

Ottoman era The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers under the name of Bir Zayt, as being in the nahiya of Jabal Quds in the liwa of Quds, with a population of 26 households. The inhabitants of the village paid taxes on wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards, fruit trees, and goats and/or beehives; a total of 6,600 akçe.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 116. According to Hütteroth and Abdulfattah all the inhabitants were Muslim, however, according to Toledano, 1979, p. 84, who studied the same defter, the whole village was Christian. Quoted in Ellenblum, 2003, pp. 239 -240

In 1838 it was noted as a small Christian village, north-west of Jifna.Robinson and Smith, vol. 3, p. 79

The French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in July 1863. He found it to have a population of 1,800 inhabitants, of those 140 were Latin Catholics, the others were "schismatic Greeks" and Muslims. The Catholic parish was administered by a young French missionary, Father Joly. The irrigated gardens were well grown, and the soil naturally fertile. It abounded in vines, figs and pears. He also noted some beautiful walnut trees.Guérin, 1869, pp. 33-34

Socin, citing an official Ottoman village list compiled around 1870, noted that Bir Zet as having 73 houses and a male population of 250. Of this, 75 men in 20 houses were Muslim, while 175 men in 53 houses were "Latin" Christian.Socin, 1879, pp. 148-149. Also noted it to be in the Beni Harit districtHartmann, 1883, p. 126 noted 83 houses

In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Bir Zeit as "a Christian village of moderate size, containing a Greek Church and a Latin Church, with a well to the north, and olives round it." The red-tiled roof of the Latin Church on top of the ridge was a conspicuous feature in the landscape.Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 293-294

In 1896 the population of Bir ez-zet was estimated to be about 786 ChristiansSchick, 1896, p. 123 and 192 Muslims.Schick, 1896, p. 124

In 1906, a British missionary of the Church Missionary Society wrote about an outbreak of cholera in Birzeit thirty years before that within a week killed 30 people out of a population of 200–300. The epidemic ended when a village elder ordered the entire population to camp in their vineyards.The author felt that the incident was notable "as there was no European hand in it from first to last, and it shows what the Fellahin are capable of under wise and energetic native guidance."Wilson, 1906, pp. 151 -152

British Mandate era In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the village, called Bair Zait, had a total population of 896; 119 Muslims and 777 Christian;Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramallah, p. 16 399 Orthodox, 253 Roman Catholics and 125 Anglicans.Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. 45 In the 1931 census, the village had 251 occupied houses and a total population of 1233; 362 Muslims and 871 Christians.Mills, 1932, p. 48

In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,560; 570 Muslims and 990 Christians,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 26 while the total land area was 14,088 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 64 Of this, 6,908 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,414 for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 111 while 402 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 161

Jordanian era In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Birzeit came under Jordanian rule. It was annexed by Jordan in 1950.

The Jordanian census of 1961 found 3,253 inhabitants in Bir Zeit.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 14

1967–present After the 1995 accords, 75.8% of village land was classified as Area B, the remaining 24.2% as Area C.Bir Zeit (Village profile) , ARIJ. p. 151995 Oslo Interim Agreement . Text of the AccordNahum Barnea, 'Beitunian nights: The IDF in the West Bank' , Ynet 18 March 2016.

On 13 January 2026, 21 people from four Palestinian families including 12 children were displaced from Area B on the eastern outskirts of the town following consistent settler attacks linked to outpost built in august 2025.

Landmark buildings

The town has 200 historic buildings, including over 100 in the old part of town, some dating back to the Mamluk era. Birzeit University was formerly located there. Dozens of buildings vacated by the university's move to Ramallah were restored, reinvigorating social and economic development.

Religion A predominantly Christian town, there are three Christian churches in Birzeit – one Orthodox, one Roman Catholic, and one Episcopal/Anglican.

The oldest one is St George Orthodox Church; now the Orthodox Christian community is building another large Orthodox Church, and an Orthodox Christian school that is considered to be the largest in the West Bank.

The Catholic church of Our Lady Queen of Peace - Guadalupe was founded in 1858; it also runs a Catholic high school.

Bir Zeit also has an Episcopal/Anglican church, St. Peter's church.

Education and culture

The annual Maftoul Festival takes place in Birzeit in October. Women from different villages prepare couscous dishes and are judged by a jury of professional chefs. The goal of the festival is to highlight traditional Palestinian food, empower women and promote rural tourism. It is organized by the Rozana Association for Development and Architectural Heritage, the Palestinian Circus School, the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Birzeit Women's Charitable Society, the Palestinian Chefs Association, Heritage House and Birzeit Club. There is also yearly festival named the heritage week and it is a celebration of different aspects of the villagers life and to it comes many participants to represent their villages customs and traditions from wedding ceremonies to clothes, also in July.

Notable people Mai al-Kaila Sliman Mansour Kamal Nasser Sumaya Farhat Naser

Birzeit

Bron en licentie