Events Pre-1600 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea. 1377 – Pope Gregory XI reaches Rome, after deciding to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon. 1524 – Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean. 1562 – France grants religious toleration to the Huguenots in the Edict of Saint-Germain. 1595 – During the French Wars of Religion, Henry IV of France declares war on Spain.
1601–1900 1608 – Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia surprises an Oromo army at Ebenat; his army reportedly kills 12,000 Oromo at the cost of 400 of his men. 1648 – England's Long Parliament passes the "Vote of No Addresses", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. 1649 – The Second Ormonde Peace creates an alliance between the Irish Royalists and Confederates during the War of the Three Kingdoms. The coalition was then decisively defeated during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.Nolan, Cathal J. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. p.651 1773 – Captain James Cook leads the first expedition to sail south of the Antarctic Circle. 1781 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cowpens: Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina. 1799 – Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with a number of other patriots, is executed. 1811 – Mexican War of Independence: In the Battle of Calderón Bridge, a heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries. 1852 – The United Kingdom signs the Sand River Convention with the South African Republic. 1873 – A group of Modoc warriors defeats the United States Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold, part of the Modoc War. 1885 – A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan. 1893 – Lorrin A. Thurston, along with the Citizens' Committee of Public Safety, led the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the government of Queen Liliuokalani. 1899 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.
1901–present 1903 – El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. 1904 – Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard receives its premiere performance at the Moscow Art Theatre. 1912 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole, one month after Roald Amundsen. 1915 – Russia defeats Ottoman Turkey in the Battle of Sarikamish during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I. 1917 – The United States pays Denmark 25 million for the Virgin Islands. 1918 – Finnish Civil War: The first serious battles take place between the Red Guards and the White Guard. 1920 – Alcohol Prohibition begins in the United States as the Volstead Act goes into effect. 1941 – Franco-Thai War: Vichy French forces inflict a decisive defeat over the Royal Thai Navy. 1943 – World War II: Greek submarine Papanikolis captures the 200-ton sailing vessel Agios Stefanos and mans her with part of her crew. 1944 – World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four assaults on Monte Cassino with the intention of breaking through the Winter Line and seizing Rome, an effort that would ultimately take four months and cost 105,000 Allied casualties. 1945 – World War II: The Vistula–Oder Offensive forces German troops out of Warsaw. 1945 – The SS-Totenkopfverbände begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as the Red Army closes in. 1945 – Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg is taken into Soviet custody while in Hungary; he is never publicly seen again. 1946 – The UN Security Council holds its first session. 1948 – The Renville Agreement between the Netherlands and Indonesia is ratified. 1950 – The Great Brink's Robbery: Eleven thieves steal more than $2 million from an armored car company's offices in Boston. 1950 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 79 relating to arms control is adopted. 1961 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers a televised farewell address to the nation three days before leaving office, in which he warns against the accumulation of power by the "military–industrial complex" as well as the dangers of massive spending, especially deficit spending. 1961 – Former Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba is murdered together with former Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of the Congo Maurice Mpolo and former Senator from Kasai Province Joseph Okito in circumstances suggesting the support and complicity of the governments of Belgium and the United States. 1966 – Palomares incident: A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Spain, killing seven airmen, and dropping three 70-kiloton nuclear bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea. 1969 – Black Panther Party members Bunchy Carter and John Huggins are killed during a meeting in Campbell Hall on the campus of UCLA. 1977 – Capital punishment in the United States resumes after a ten-year hiatus, as convicted murderer Gary Gilmore is executed by firing squad in Utah. 1981 – President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos lifts martial law eight years and five months after declaring it. 1989 – Patrick Purdy opens fire at an elementary school in Stockton, California, killing five and wounding 31 others. 1991 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins early in the morning as aircraft strike positions across Iraq, it is also the first major combat sortie for the F-117. LCDR Scott Speicher's F/A-18C Hornet from VFA-81 is shot down by a Mig-25 and is the first American casualty of the War. Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel in an unsuccessful bid to provoke Israeli retaliation. 1991 – Crown Prince Harald of Norway becomes King Harald V, following the death of his father, King Olav V. 1992 – During a visit to South Korea, Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II. 1994 – The 6.7 Northridge earthquake shakes the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), leaving 57 people dead and more than 8,700 injured. 1995 – The 6.9 Great Hanshin earthquake shakes the southern Hyōgo Prefecture with a maximum Shindo of 7, leaving 5,502–6,434 people dead, and 251,301–310,000 displaced. 1996 – The Czech Republic applies for membership in the European Union. 1997 – Cape Canaveral Air Force Station: A Delta II carrying the GPS IIR-1 satellite explodes 13 seconds after launch, dropping 250 tons of burning rocket remains around the launch pad. 1998 – Clinton–Lewinsky scandal: Matt Drudge breaks the story of the Bill Clinton–Monica Lewinsky affair on his Drudge Report website. 2002 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, displacing an estimated 400,000 people. 2007 – The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes to midnight in response to North Korea's nuclear testing. 2008 – British Airways Flight 38 crashes short of the runway at Heathrow Airport, injuring 47. 2010 – Rioting begins between Muslim and Christian groups in Jos, Nigeria, results in at least 200 deaths. 2013 – Former cyclist Lance Armstrong confesses to his doping in an airing of Oprah's Next Chapter. 2013 – Shahzad Luqman is murdered by members of Golden Dawn in Petralona, Athens, leading the creation of new measures to combat race-based attacks in Greece. 2016 – President Barack Obama announces the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement intended to limit Iran's nuclear program. 2017 – The search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 is announced to be suspended. 2023 – An avalanche strikes Nyingchi, Tibet, killing 28 people. 2026 – Indonesia Air Transport ATR 42 crashed near Mount Bulusaraung in South Sulawesi, after losing contact en route to Makassar.
Births Pre-1600 1342 – Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (died 1404) 1429 – Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Italian artist (diedc. 1498) 1463 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (died 1525) 1463 – Antoine Duprat, French cardinal (died 1535) 1472 – Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Italian captain (died 1508) 1484 – George Spalatin, German priest and reformer (died 1545) 1501 – Leonhart Fuchs, German physician and botanist (died 1566) 1504 – Pope Pius V (died 1572) 1517 – Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, English Duke (died 1554) 1560 – Gaspard Bauhin, Swiss botanist, physician, and academic (died 1624) 1574 – Robert Fludd, English physician, astrologer, and mathematician (died 1637) 1593 – William Backhouse, English alchemist and astrologer (died 1662) 1600 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish playwright and poet (died 1681)
1601–1900 1612 – Thomas Fairfax, English general and politician (died 1671) 1640 – Jonathan Singletary Dunham, American settler (died 1724) 1659 – Antonio Veracini, Italian violinist and composer (died 1745) 1666 – Antonio Maria Valsalva, Italian anatomist and physician (died 1723) 1686 – Archibald Bower, Scottish historian and author (died 1766) 1693 – Melchor de Navarrete, Spanish colonial governor of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia, 1739 – 1742); of Spanish Florida (1749 – 1752); and of Yucatán (Mexico, 1754 – 1758) (died 1761) 1706 – Benjamin Franklin, American publisher, inventor, and politician, 6th President of Pennsylvania (died 1790) 1712 – John Stanley, English organist and composer (died 1786) 1719 – William Vernon, American businessman (died 1806) 1719 – Johann Elias Schlegel, German poet and critic (died 1749) 1728 – Johann Gottfried Müthel, German pianist and composer (died 1788) 1732 – Stanisław August Poniatowski, Polish-Lithuanian king (died 1798) 1734 – François-Joseph Gossec, French composer and conductor (died 1829) 1761 – Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet, Scottish geologist and geophysicist (died 1832) 1789 – August Neander, German historian and theologian (died 1850) 1793 – Antonio José Martínez, Spanish-American priest, rancher and politician (died 1867) 1814 – Ellen Wood, English author (died 1887) 1820 – Anne Brontë, English author and poet (died 1849) 1828 – Lewis A. Grant, American lawyer and general, Medal of Honor recipient (died 1918) 1828 – Ede Reményi, Hungarian violinist and composer (died 1898) 1832 – Henry Martyn Baird, American historian and academic (died 1906) 1834 – August Weismann, German biologist, zoologist, and geneticist (died 1914) 1850 – Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti, Brazilian cardinal (died 1930) 1850 – Alexander Taneyev, Russian pianist and composer (died 1918) 1851 – A. B. Frost, American author and illustrator (died 1928) 1853 – Alva Belmont, American suffragist (died 1933) 1853 – T. Alexander Harrison, American painter and academic (died 1930) 1857 – Wilhelm Kienzl, Austrian pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1941) 1857 – Eugene Augustin Lauste, French-American engineer (died 1935) 1858 – Tomás Carrasquilla, Colombian author (died 1940) 1860 – Douglas Hyde, Irish academic and politician, 1st President of Ireland (died 1949) 1863 – David Lloyd George, Welsh lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1945) 1863 – Konstantin Stanislavski, Russian actor and director (died 1938) 1865 – Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet, English general and politician, 3rd Governor-General of New Zealand (died 1951) 1867 – Carl Laemmle, German-born American film producer, co-founded Universal Studios (died 1939) 1867 – Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet, English colonel, pilot, and polo player (died 1934) 1871 – David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty, English admiral (died 1936)