Johann Baptist Strauss II (; ; 25 October 1825 – 3 June 1899), also known as Johann Strauss Jr., the Younger, the Son (), or simply Johann Strauss, was an Austrian composer of light music, particularly dance music and operettas, as well as a violinist. He composed over 500 waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, marches and other types of dance music, as well as several operettas and a ballet.
In his lifetime, he was known as "The Waltz King", as he played a major role in popularizing the waltz in the 19th century. Some of Johann Strauss's most famous works include "The Blue Danube", "Kaiser-Walzer" (Emperor Waltz), "Tales from the Vienna Woods", "Frühlingsstimmen" (Voices of Spring), and the "Tritsch-Tratsch-Polka". Among his operettas, Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron are the best known.
Strauss was the son of Johann Strauss I and his first (and only wedded) wife, Maria Anna Streim. His two younger brothers, Josef and Eduard Strauss, also became composers of light music, although they were never as well known as their brother.
Early life
Strauss was born into a Catholic family in St Ulrich near Vienna (now a part of Neubau), Austria, on 25 October 1825, to the composer Johann Strauss I and his wife, M. Anna Streim. His paternal great-grandfather (of the same name)The Wedding of Johann Michael Strauss in 1762 , Vienna Institute for Strauss Research was a Hungarian Jew – a fact which the Nazis, who lionised Strauss's music as "so German", later tried to conceal. His father did not want him to become a musician but rather a banker. Nevertheless, Strauss Jr. studied the violin secretly as a child with the first violinist of his father's orchestra, Franz Amon. When his father discovered his son secretly practising on a violin one day, he gave him a severe whipping, saying that he was going to beat the music out of the boy. It seems that rather than trying to avoid a Strauss rivalry, the elder Strauss only wanted his son to escape the rigours of a musician's life. It was only when the father abandoned his family for a mistress, , that the son was able to concentrate fully on a career as a composer with the support of his mother. Strauss II's three paternal half-siblings who survived to adulthood – who, having been born out of wedlock, took their mother's surname – were Clementina, Emilie II, and Johann Trampusch II.
Strauss studied counterpoint and harmony with theorist Professor Joachim Hoffmann, who owned a private music school. His talents were also recognized by composer Joseph Drechsler, who taught him exercises in harmony. It was during that time that he composed his only sacred work, the gradual (1844). His other violin teacher, Anton Kollmann, who was the ballet répétiteur of the Vienna Court Opera, also wrote excellent testimonials for him. Armed with these, he approached the Viennese authorities to apply for a license to perform. He initially formed his small orchestra where he recruited his members at the Zur Stadt Belgrad tavern, where musicians seeking work could be hired easily.
Début as a composer
Johann Strauss I's influence over the local entertainment establishments meant that many of them were wary of offering the younger Strauss a contract for fear of angering the father. Strauss Jr. was able to persuade Dommayer's Casino in Hietzing, a suburb of Vienna, to allow him to perform. The elder Strauss, in anger at his son's disobedience and at that of the proprietor, refused to ever play again at Dommayer's Casino, which had been the site of many of his earlier triumphs.
Strauss made his debut at Dommayer's in October 1844, where he performed some of his first works, such as the waltzes "Sinngedichte", Op. 1 and "Gunstwerber", Op. 4 and the polka "Herzenslust", Op. 3. Critics and the press were unanimous in their praise of Strauss's music. A critic for Der Wanderer commented that "Strauss's name will be worthily continued in his son; children and children's children can look forward to the future, and three-quarter time will find a strong footing in him."
Despite the initial fanfare, Strauss found his early years as a composer difficult, but he soon won over audiences after accepting commissions to perform away from home. The first major appointment for the young composer was his award of the honorary position of "Kapellmeister of the 2nd Vienna Citizen's Regiment", which had been left vacant following Joseph Lanner's death two years before.
Vienna was wracked by the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, and the intense rivalry between father and son became much more apparent. The son decided to side with the revolutionaries. It was a decision that was professionally disadvantageous, as the Austrian royalty twice denied him the much coveted position of KK Hofballmusikdirektor, which was first designated especially for Johann I in recognition of his musical contributions. Further, the younger Strauss was also arrested by the Viennese authorities for publicly playing "La Marseillaise", but was later acquitted. The elder Strauss remained loyal to the monarchy and composed his "Radetzky March", Op. 228 (dedicated to the Habsburg field marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz), which would become one of his best-known compositions.
When the elder Strauss died from scarlet fever in Vienna in 1849, the younger Strauss merged both their orchestras and engaged in further tours. Later, he also composed a number of patriotic marches dedicated to the Habsburg Emperor Franz Josef I, such as the "Kaiser Franz-Josef Marsch" Op. 67 and the "Kaiser Franz Josef Rettungs Jubel-Marsch" Op. 126, probably to ingratiate himself in the eyes of the new monarch, who had ascended the Austrian throne after the 1848 revolution.
Career advancements
Strauss Jr. eventually attained greater fame than his father and became one of the most popular waltz composers of the era, extensively touring Austria, Poland and Germany with his orchestra. He applied for the position of KK Hofballmusikdirektor (Music Director of the Royal Court Balls), which he finally attained in 1863, after being denied several times before for his frequent brushes with the local authorities.
In 1853, due to constant mental and physical demands, Strauss suffered a nervous breakdown. He took a seven-week vacation in the countryside in the summer of that year on the advice of doctors. Johann's younger brother Josef was persuaded by his family to abandon his career as an engineer and take command of Johann's orchestra in the interim.
In 1855, Strauss accepted commissions from the management of the Tsarskoye-Selo Railway Company of Saint Petersburg to play in Russia for the Vauxhall Pavilion at Pavlovsk in 1856. He would return to perform in Russia every year until 1865.
In 1862, the 27-year-old Eduard Strauss officially joined the Strauss orchestra as another conductor, and he and his brother Josef would lead it until 1870.
The song titled "Was macht denn der Prater" from his 1864 composition 'S gibt nur a Kaiserstadt, 's gibt nur a Wien! was a hit during its day whereas its refrain Ja nur ein' Kaiserstadt, ja nur a Wien (Yes, only one Imperial City, yes only one Vienna!) became a popular household phrase.
Strauss came to the United States in 1872, where he took part in the World's Peace Jubilee and International Musical Festival in Boston at the invitation of bandmaster Patrick Gilmore and was the lead conductor in a "Monster Concert" of over 1000 performers performing his "Blue Danube" waltz. He also conducted other pieces of his at the Festival with a smaller orchestra to great acclaim.
As was customary at the time, requests for personal mementos from celebrities were often in the form of a lock of hair. In the case of Strauss during his visit to the United States, his valet obliged by clipping Strauss's black Newfoundland dog and providing "authentic Strauss hair" to adoring female fans. However, on account of the high volume of demand, there grew a fear that the dog would be trimmed bald.Johann Strauss, Jr. in the United States, 1872. The Classical Music Guide Forums. Lance, Corlyss D."America and Johann Strauss." Austrian Information, volumes 51–54. Information Department of the Austrian Consulate General, 1998"The Waltz King and the Land of Giants." Bill Morelock. 9 August 2005. Minnesota Public Radio.
Marriages and stepfamily Strauss married the singer Henriette "Jetty" Treffz (née Chalupetzky) in 1862, and they remained together until her death in 1878. Strauss, who struggled to process grief and often defaulted to avoidance coping, did not attend his late wife's funeral (just as he had missed the prior funerals of his mother and brother, Josef); his remaining brother, Eduard, handled the funeral arrangements. Treffz was survived by six of her seven illegitimate children – none of whom ever lived with their nominal stepfather, Strauss; nor are known to have had a close relationship therewith.
Six weeks after Jetty's death, Strauss married the actress Ernestine Henriette Angelika Dittrich; better known as Angelika "Lili" Dittrich. Dittrich was not a fervent supporter of his music, and their differences in status and opinion, and especially her indiscretion, led him to seek a divorce.
Strauss was not granted a decree of annulment by the Roman Catholic Church, and therefore changed religion and nationality, and became a citizen of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in January 1887. Strauss sought solace in his third wife Adele Johanna Strauß (née Deutsch), the widow of the unrelated Anton Strauß; whom he married in August 1887. She encouraged his creative talent to flow once more in his later years, resulting in many famous compositions, such as the operettas Der Zigeunerbaron and Waldmeister and the waltzes "Kaiser-Walzer" Op. 437, "Kaiser Jubiläum" Op. 434, and "Klug Gretelein" Op. 462. Adele had a daughter from her previous marriage, Alice von Meyszner-Strauss (née Strauß), whom Johann (who had no children of his own) raised and formally adopted as his stepdaughter.
Via his daughter Alice, Strauss had two adoptive grandsons (both born after his death): Julius Epstein, a journalist and scholar who fled Europe for the United States; and Johann "Hanns" Epstein-Strauss. & Herbert A. Strauss (eds.), Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration nach 1933, vol. 1: Politik, Wirtschaft, Öffentliches Leben (Saur, 1980), p. 160. Hanns (together with Alice) took an active role in managing Johann Strauss II's legacy and estate, later inheriting many artefacts and prized possessions therefrom.
Strauss' brother-in-law, Josef Simon (who was married to Adele's sister – Louise Deutsch), began collecting Strauss memorabilia after Johann's death in 1899. Simon's collection consisted of several manuscripts given him by Johann during his lifetime, though most objects were sourced by Simon post-1899. By 1922, Simon had amassed approximately 16,000 items, which he collectively dubbed the "Museum of Old Viennese Music". The so-called "Strauss-Simon" collection was purchased from Simon's heirs by the state government of Vienna in 1952.
Musical rivals and admirers
Although Strauss was the most sought-after composer of dance music in the latter half of the 19th century, Carl Michael Ziehrer and Émile Waldteufel provided stiff competition; the latter held a commanding position in Paris. Also, Philipp Fahrbach denied the younger Strauss the commanding position of the KK Hofballmusikdirektor when the latter first applied for the post. The German operetta composer Jacques Offenbach, who made his name in Paris, also posed a challenge to Strauss in the operetta field.
Strauss was admired by other prominent composers: Richard Wagner once admitted that he liked the waltz "Wein, Weib und Gesang" (Wine, Women and Song) Op. 333. Richard Strauss (unrelated), when writing his Rosenkavalier waltzes, said in reference to Johann Strauss, "How could I forget the laughing genius of Vienna?"