The French Pavilion was built for Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in the French Garden of the Petit Trianon, in the grounds of the Château de Versailles. Built in 1750, this pavilion is set in the heart of the formal garden, and its high French windows open onto its views. At once the centre and a natural extension of the "king's new garden", created to distract him from his melancholy, it serves as a music salon, a place for games and conversation. It is considered a masterpiece of balance between nobility and fantasy. Its original layout is based on an octagonal drawing room flanked by four small square cabinets arranged in a cross.

Jules-Antoine Rousseau's mascarons depicting the seasons adorn the cross-shaped windows on the stone facades. The balustrade is decorated with eight groups of children, allegories of the four seasons and the four elements, and eight vases of flowers by the same sculptor. The circular drawing room is decorated with carved panelling by Jacques Verbeckt, formerly covered in pastel colours to match the country atmosphere and now in gilding. Eight Corinthian columns support a cornice decorated with a variety of gallinaceous animals, a reference to the nearby domestic menagerie.

Turned into a café during the French Revolution, it once again became a party venue under the Empire, as it had been under the Ancien Régime, before slowly falling into disrepair. It underwent an initial restoration campaign at the end of the 19th century, which did little to restore it to its original state, before being completely restored in 2008. Classified with the Château de Versailles and its outbuildings as a historic monument by the list of 1862 and by decree of 31 October 1906.: it is open to the public as part of the Musée National des Châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon, within the Domaine de Marie-Antoinette.

History

Construction

Gouache attributed to Jacques-André Portail, circa 1750.

At the end of 1744, King Louis XV returned to stay at Trianon Palace, which had been neglected for several decades, but which he still remembered fondly from his childhood. On 12 April 1747, Charles Lenormant de Tournehem, Director of the King's Buildings, and Ange-Jacques Gabriel, Chief Architect, visited the palace to launch a vast renovation project, the first studies of which were presented in December. The Marquise de Pompadour, who had been the King's mistress for two years, supported the project, with the aim of distracting Louis XV from his melancholy and sadness. As early as 1749, a new garden was laid out on land to the east of the château built by Jules Hardouin-Mansart. First of all, a menagerie was created, very different from that of Louis XIV, which was more exotic, as it was only intended to house domestic animals: chickens, cows and sheep. Its originality lies in the fact that it is little more than a farmyard and a dairy, but the dairy that is fitted out there gives it a character of "utility" and amusement. The king and his favourite appreciated the "beautiful hens" and enjoyed sampling the dairy products.

In front of this new menagerie, to the south, Gabriel designed a formal garden, planted with bosquets and adorned with basins, which Jean-Baptiste Belleville, the gardener of the marble Trianon, put into effect. The ambitions associated with this new garden soon required the recruitment of a florist-gardener, Claude Richard. Between the lawns and flower baskets were chicken coops and aviaries, and a trellised portico was erected on the eastern edge.It was on this site that the Petit Trianon château was built in 1762. But the centrepiece of the perspective was a small pavilion that allowed visitors to immerse themselves in this new garden: the French Pavilion, then called the "Pavillon de la nouvelle ménagerie", was intended "for games, snacks or concerts". With the adjoining garden, the site was destined to become the "seat of a harmonious society, enlightened by the wise precepts of the physiocrats ".

Considered the Louis XV style paragon, the pavilion was lavishly adorned with projections, of which Gabriel was a master. After a variety of projects based on different architectural styles, the King opted for the most "baroque" form, in line with the models produced in Germany and Eastern Europe at the time. The carved stone building was designed in a more classical style, with lines of refinement strapping it together and its entablature crowned with a fence.

Begun in the spring of 1749, it was refurbished and roofed by August and ready to receive the vases of flowers and groups of sculpted children forming cushioning above the balustrade.

The particular design of the interior paving, presented by the architect on 29 May 1749, was executed using marble from Languedoc and the Pyrenees, as were the doorframes, the floors of certain cabinets and the fireplaces. After a few months' interruption during the winter, the work was completed in the spring of 1750 and the panelling and interior decorations were installed in the autumn.

Salon de divertissement Although Louis XV was not a builder, he was passionate about architecture and plans. In 1754, he readily gave the French Pavilion as an example, telling Prince de Croÿ, who had come to ask his advice on the construction of the Château de l'Hermitage, that it was "in that style that it should be built".

This pavilion for games and conversation brought together the close friends and family of Louis XV and the Marquise de Pompadour, who also enjoyed the produce from the vegetable and fruit gardens and the dairy in the summer months.

Marie-Antoinette, who took possession of the Petit Trianon estate in 1774, made no changes to the pavilion, the only substantial addition to the French garden being the construction of a small theatre. Conquered by the charm of this delicate edifice, she even gave parties there: in July 1781, canvas tents were added to the pavilion for lantern-lit concerts to mark the visit of her brother, Emperor Joseph II. When the royal family was at Trianon, the salon was used for card games, music and conversation, as in any aristocratic residence in the eighteenth century; it was the ideal place for suppers on warm summer evenings. The queen also held balls there, adding a demountable marquee.Gustave Desjardins shows a "Design for a tent-like ballroom to be placed in front of the Pavilion in the middle of the French Garden of the Petit Trianon".

During the French Revolution, the French Pavilion, like the entire Petit Trianon estate, was abandoned, then stripped of its furnishings at the auction sales that began in August 1793. Under the Directoire, it was converted into a café for the occupants of the Château du Petit Trianon, which had been transformed into a hotel, and the French garden was the venue for popular balls, with occasional illuminations and fireworksice.

As the Petit Trianon regained its status as a palace at Napoleon's instigation, the pavilion was restored in 1806, although the changes did not last: the Corinthian columns were restored and new capitals with winged women or scrolls were created in papier-mâché; an eagle was painted on the dome, soaring towards the Empyrean; the panelling was covered in grey and blue tones and the fireplaces were removed. In 1810, a circus was set up nearby to stage a performance by the Franconi brothers. At the height of imperial life at Trianon the following year, Marie-Louise used the French Pavilion as part of the "Empress's Festival"; for the occasion, as in the previous century, two large blue and white striped coutil tents with a fringe of red wool were erecte. The French Pavilion was also used for the "Empress's Festival".

20th and 21st centuries The building was restored for the first time in the nineteenth century, but the latest campaign, carried out in 2008 by Pierre-André Lablaude, chief architect of historic monuments thanks to sponsorship from Breguet watches, restored the pavilion to its original state. All the decorations, which had deteriorated considerably over time, were restored: the panelling, sculptures and ornaments, ceilings, marble floors and parquet flooring. The two marble fireplaces and the warming hood were restored. The interior shutters were recreated.

Given the difficulty of restoring the eighteenth-century decor in the delicate tones on a water-green background, which were known in principle but whose distribution remained unknown, the decision was taken to retain the gilding, albeit dissonant, added in the following century.

Lastly, the organisation of the small wings has been restored to its original configuration: under Louis XV, two of them, reserved for service, were completely separated from the central salon and could only be accessed from the outside. The 2008 works therefore reinstate these old partitions.

The Pavillon français has also been used for film and television shoots, includingThe dates given are those of the shoot.

1927: La Valse de l'adieu, a film directed by Henry Roussel 2005: Marie-Antoinette, directed by Sofia Coppola 2011: Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges, a docu-drama directed by Claude Ribbe.

The Pavillon français also hosts shows and performances, such as the oratorical joust between actors Fabrice Conan and Georges Caudron in September 2012, on "La femme au temps de la Pompadour ".

Description

French garden

The French garden, of which the pavilion is the centerpiece, was created in 1749 by the architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel. It comprises a long lawn with flower borders, the regularity broken by two of the four basins. These marble-edged pools, circular or square in shape, are arranged opposite each facade of the pavilion and are embellished with lead statues representing groups of three children playing with fish and waterfowl, sculpted by Jules-Antoine Rousseau. The long parallel avenues lined with poplars also delineate the green rooms set in bower beds, providing easy access to the chapel or the theatre.

Heading east towards the Grand Trianon, you take the "Evergreen Alley", planted with evergreen trees, before arriving at the "Reunion Bridge", so named as the only realisation of Napoleon's project to unite the two Trianons, between which there was previously no communication. This small bridge, originally made of wood but rebuilt in metal in 1889, spans a sunken pathway replacing the old planted driveway that separated the two estates.

Exterior

The pavilion is called "French" because of its location in the centre of the formal garden. It is a model of Rococo architecture. Its plan is centred, in the shape of a St Andrew's cross. In fact, this motif is rendered by the outline of an octagon flanked by four rectangular hors d'oeuvre cabinets, all set within a circular representation marked by the external steps. This perfect, centred plan follows in the footsteps of contemporary architects, while retaining only the essentials, giving the building a character that is more brilliant than grandiose.