John Slocum

Squ-sacht-un (1838 – 11 November 1897), also known as John Slocum, was a member of the Squaxin Island Tribe, Coast Salish, and a reputed holy man and prophet who founded the Indian Shaker Church in 1881.Ruby, Robert H. and John Arthur Brown. John Slocum and the Indian Shaker Church. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996, p. 3. Bonvillain, Nancy. Native Nations: Cultures and Histories of Native North America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2016; p. 438.

Early life Born in Mason County, Washington in 1838, Slocum was introduced to Christianity by missionaries working in Washington's Puget Sound region. As a young man he had lived on the Skokomish Indian Reservation, where he attended a Presbyterian church and also became familiar with the Roman Catholic faith after being baptized by a Catholic priest.Barnett, H. G. Indian Shakers: A Messianic Cult of the Pacific Northwest, Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University, 1957 He worked as a cutter and hauler for a lumber company, and eventually became a foreman, owning his own logging company with a 14-man crew. In order to facilitate the transport of timber, Slocum's crew constructed several corduroy roads on the reservation. Slocum, like many other loggers, drank and gambled with his friends in the evenings. Because alcoholic beverages were illegal on the reservation, Slocum drank Jamaica Ginger, an extract with a high alcohol content that was sold as a health tonic.

First vision In 1881 he became ill and allegedly fell into a coma.Lewis H. St. John, "The Present Status and Probable Future of the Indians of Puget Sound," Washington Historical Quarterly, 1914, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 12-21 His family believed that he was dead, however Slocum revived after a few hours and said that he had had a vision in which he was transported to the gates of heaven.Charles D. Rakestraw, "The Shaker Indians of Puget Sound," The Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, Vol XXIX, No. 1, January 1900. Hampton Institute Press, 1900, pp. 703–709 There he met an angel who told him that because he had led an immoral life, he would not be permitted to enter.Fredson, Jean T. "Religion of the Shakers." In H. Deegan (Ed.), History of Mason County Washington, Shelton, WA, 1960 The angel gave Slocum the choice of going to Hell or returning to earth to instruct his people in a new religion. He was told how to bring Native American peoples to salvation. This experience was similar to that described by other 19th-century Native American prophets, including Neolin, Handsome Lake, Yonaguska, Tenskwatawa, Tavibo"Tavibo," Encyclopedia.com and his son Wovoka, and Smohalla, all of whom had prophetic visions. In 1886, Slocum began preaching a message he designated "Tschadam."Carl Waldman, Molly Braun, Atlas of the North American Indian, Facts on File library of American history, Infobase Publishing, 2009; p. 230. Slocum said God had informed him that Native Americans would be saved if they gave up harmful behaviors such as drinking, smoking tobacco, and gambling. He also warned against shamanistic healers and their rituals. Slocum believed that he had been granted a limited time on earth, during which he felt compelled to construct a church and guide his people towards salvation.

Second vision and origins of the Indian Shaker Church Slocum continued to operate his logging crew, and eventually he started drinking again. About a year later, Slocum once again became ill.George P. Castille, "The "Half-Catholic" movement: Edwin and Myron Eells and the rise of the Indian Shaker Church," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 1982, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 165–174 While his wife, Mary Thompson Slocum, cared for him, she started shaking uncontrollably in his presence.Lee Sackett, "The Siletz Indian Shaker Church," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 1973, Vol. 64, No. 3, p. 120-126; University of Washington, 1973 When he recovered, he interpreted her shaking as a spiritual manifestation which saved him from death. Slocum incorporated shaking or twitching into the religion as a way to brush off sin, sickness, or bad feelings. This practice led non-natives to call the Church the "Indian Shaker Religion."David Wilma, "Native Americans organize the Indian Shaker Church in 1892," HistoryLink.org, 9/04/2000 Slocum and some of his followers were imprisoned regularly for their opposition to government-mandated acculturation programs for Pacific Coast peoples. Persecutions ended after the church was incorporated in Oregon (1907), Washington (1910), and California (1932), and in the late 20th century more than 20 congregations united, with some 3,000 adherents.Matt Stefon, "Indian Shaker Church, American religious sect," Encyclopaedia Britannica

Death and legacy Slocum died in Oakland, Washington in 1897 and was initially buried in Johns Prairie, an outlying district of Shelton, Washington. He was reburied in the Shelton Memorial Cemetery on 5 October 1975, and a monument was dedicated at his grave site. Slocum was succeeded as church leader by Louis "Mud Bay Louie" Yowaluch (d. 1906), his friend and former employee in the timber-cutting trade.Ruth Kirk, Carmela Alexander, Exploring Washington's Past: A Road Guide to History, University of Washington Press, 1995 Louis was in turn succeeded by his brother "Mud Bay Sam" Yowaluch (1846–1911), another friend of Slocum.

The Indian Shaker Religion is still practiced and combines many traditional native beliefs and customs with Christian beliefs about God, heaven and hell. The church specializes in the spiritual treatment of drug and alcohol dependence.A. Logan Slagle and Joan Weibel-Orlando, "The Indian Shaker Church and Alcoholics Anonymous: Revitalistic Curing Cults," Human Organization, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Winter 1986), pp. 310–319Wawmeesh G. Hamilton and Gen Cruz, "Unshaken faith: Keeping the Shaker Church alive, elder struggles to pass the Shaker faith on to shrinking congregation," Reporting in Indigenous Communities, 2015

John Slocum

Bron en licentie