Apple Inc. has received both praise and criticism for its environmental practicesthe former for its usage reduction of hazardous chemicals in its products and transition to clean energy supplies, and the latter for its wasteful use of raw materials in manufacturing, its vigorous opposition to right to repair laws, and the amount of e-waste created by its products.
Apple, in partnership with The Conservation Fund, have preserved 36,000 acres of working forests in Maine and North Carolina. In 2015, a partnership was planned with the World Wildlife Fund to preserve up to of forests in China. Featured was the company's installation of a 40 MW solar power plant in the Sichuan province of China that was designed to coexist with surrounding grasslands supporting the yak population. Its solar projects in China compensated for more than all of the energy necessary for Apple's stores and offices, negating the company's energy carbon footprint in the country. In Singapore, Apple has worked with the Singaporean solar energy system developer Sunseap to cover the rooftops of 800 buildings in the city-state with solar panels, allowing Apple's Singapore operations to be powered by 100% renewable energy. In 2016, Apple introduced Liam, an advanced robotic disassembler and sorter designed by Apple engineers in California specifically for recycling outdated or broken iPhones. It reuses and recycles parts from traded-in products.
Timeline
Carbon Footprint In 2001, Apple computers and displays first met Energy Star requirements, in which they voluntarily phased out tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in all their plastic enclosure parts greater than 25 grams. They also began to purchase 100 percent of electricity for the Austin facility from renewable sources, called Austin's "Green Choice" Power Program. In 2002, Apple continued to build a more environmentally friendly effort. For example, Apple signed the European Union Code of Conduct on Power Supplies, which encourages manufacturers to design power supplies that minimize energy consumption in "off" mode.
In 2009, Apple revealed a complete life cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions, which set a new standard for full environmental disclosure. Apple is the only company in the industry that publishes the environmental footprint of each of its products. Other companies only report on a fraction of their emissions. All of their products became BFR-free with shipping and mercury-free LED-backlit displays with arsenic-free display glass. The Mac mini, iMac, and Mac Pro met the Energy Star 5.0 specification.
In 2012, Apple launched the redesigned iMac, using 68% less material and generating 67% fewer carbon emissions than earlier generations. Also, the aluminum stand on the iMac is made using 30% recycled content. Meanwhile, at their headquarters in Cupertino, energy use was cut by over 30%, and Apple provided a biogas-powered fuel cell and built rooftop solar photovoltaic systems. They introduced their redesigned AirPort Express with an enclosure containing bio-based polymers derived from industrial-grade rapeseed and post-consumer recycled PC-ABS plastic.
In December 2016, Apple agreed to pay the California Environmental Protection Agency a $450,000 settlement in what they said was "an oversight in paperwork" for operating and closing 803,000 pounds of electronic waste at two hazardous-waste processing plants in Cupertino and Sunnyvale without filing the proper paperwork.
In April 2021, Apple claimed to have started a $200 million fund in order to combat climate change by removing 1 million metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year.
In 2023, Apple announced it was dropping leather from its product lines, citing the material's "significant carbon footprint".Gael Fashingbauer Cooper,"Apple Ditches Leather for Environmentally Friendly Materials, Reveals FineWoven," CNET, September 13, 2023 The move earned Apple a 2023 Company of the Year award from PETA.
E-Waste and Recycling In 1990, Apple officially released and implemented its environmental policy, while in 1991, a phase-out of lead ibatteries began.
In 1994, there was also a phase-out of nickel-cadmium batteries, while in 1995, PVC in packaging materials was phased out as well. The first Apple manufacturing site in Sacramento, California became ISO 14001 certified. ISO 14001:2004 set the criteria for an environmental management system, mapping out a framework that a company or an organization can use. If one chooses to use ISO 14001:2004, it can provide assurance to company management and employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved. The benefits of using ISO 14001:2004 are reduced cost of waste management, saving in consumption of energy and materials, lower distribution costs, and improved corporate image among regulators, customers, and the public.
In 2004, there was a phaseout of substances included in the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive was initiated. Importantly noted, The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct was implemented in 2005, and in 2006, Apple was the first computer manufacturer to replace CRT displays with material-efficient and energy-efficient LCDs.
In 2008, Apple introduced the unibody MacBook and MacBook Pro, which are made with recyclable aluminum and glass enclosures with arsenic and mercury-free displays. It is also made with PVC-free internal components. The MacBook Air was the first Mac to use Mercury free backlight technology with arsenic-free LCD display glass. Along with that, the iPhone 3G shipped with PVC-free handset, headphones, and USB cables; BFR-free printed circuit boards; and a mercury and arsenic-free display. Apple achieved a recycling rate of 41.9%.
In 2011, Apple introduced iTunes cards that use 100% recyclable paper, and they also introduced the Mac App Store in 123 countries. Delivering digital downloads reduces the environmental impact of delivering software by eliminating the packaging and transportation. Apple also eliminates restored DVDs that were previously included in Mac product packaging.
In June 2012, Apple withdrew its product line from the global registry for greener electronics program, Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT), reporting the line no longer qualified for EPEAT's ratings for green certification;Dragani, Rachelle, Mac News: iPad: With Proview in the Rearview, iPad Cruises Into China , macnewsworld.com, July 11, 2012. Accessed July 25, 2012. the San Francisco Department of Environment then notified its agencies that Apple computers no longer qualified for city purchase funds.Schectman, Joel, Apple Removes Green Electronics Certification From Products, CIO Journal, The Wall Street Journal, July 6, 2012. Accessed July 25, 2012. The line of products has since been added back.Mansfield, Bob, Apple - Environment - A letter from Bob Mansfield , apple.com, July 13, 2012. Accessed November 5, 2012.
In April 2017, Vice obtained documents via FOIA requests, showing that Apple's recycling program forbade the salvage and reuse of parts. A report written by John Yeider, Apple's recycling program manager at the time, said "All hard drives are shredded in confetti-sized pieces. The pieces are then sorted into commodities grade materials. After sorting, the materials are sold and used for production stock in new products. No reuse. No parts harvesting. No resale."
In October 2018, the Italian government fined Apple €10 million for planned obsolescence after they admitted to installing software updates on iPhones that deliberately lowered their performance to force users to replace their devices sooner than necessary, creating extraneous e-waste.
Energy Consumption In 1992, Apple officially became a founding member of the U.S. EPA Energy Star program, which was developed to identify and promote energy-efficient computers and monitors. During this time, there was also a phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in Apple manufacturing, which are substances that deplete the ozone layer.
In 2010, all displays that were offered by Apple became mercury-free and used arsenic-free display glass. Apple introduced the Apple Battery charger for rechargeable batteries, which reduces battery waste by 78% and the carbon footprint by 63% over a four-year period. Also, Apple introduced the Mac mini, which was the world's most energy-efficient desktop computer, because it can operate on 10 watts of electricity (which is less power than a single energy-efficient CFL lightbulb). By this time, Apple also began to build facilities in Cork, Ireland; Austin, Texas; and Sacramento, California, and converted to using 100% renewable energy.
In 2011, Greenpeace called on Apple to power its data centers with renewable energy. In early 2013, Apple announced it was now using 100% renewable energy to power their data centers, and that 75% of the company's overall power use came from renewable sources. That same year, the Chinese environmental group Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs (IPE) accused Apple's Chinese suppliers of discharging polluted waste and toxic metals into surrounding communities and threatening public health.The Other Side Of Apple II: Pollution Spreads Through Apple's Supply Chain , Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, August 31, 2011. Accessed March 29, 2012.Barboza, David, "Apple Cited as Adding to Pollution in China", The New York Times, September 1, 2011. Accessed March 26, 2012.Watts, Jonathan, Apple secretive about 'polluting and poisoning' supply chain, says report, The Guardian, January 19, 2011.
In April 2018, Apple announced that its retail stores, offices, data centers and co-located facilities are running on clean energy, mostly from solar panels and wind.
Hazardous Chemicals In 1997, the first Apple products were tested for conformity to TCO Certified standards. TCO Certified standards involve requirements that cover a variety of issues: environment, ergonomics, usability, emission of electrical and magnetic fields, and energy consumption, and electrical fire safety. For example, environmental demands restrict the use of heavy metals, chlorinated solvents, and other various things. Mainly, products that are labeled must meet these environmental demands. Two years after Apple agreed to meet TCO Certified's standards, in 1999, Apple introduced "Apple Product Environmental Specifications (APES) files", in which lead and cadmium in cables were restricted. Shortly after, in 2000, all of Apple's manufacturing sites became ISO 14001 certified worldwide. This accredited that Apple had a structured environmental management system (EMS) in order to manage the environmental impact of their operations.
In June 2006, Apple temporarily stopped selling the eMac desktop computer and the AirPort wireless router in Europe, as they were non-compliant with the European Union's directive on harmful substances.Mullins, Robert, Apple product hazards put to shareholder vote, IDG News Service, MacCentral, Macworld, April 23, 2007. Accessed March 26, 2012.
In 2007, Apple shareholders voted on a proposal to eliminate persistent and Bioaccumulative toxic chemicals, speed up the phase-out of toxic chemicals such as Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and adopt a stronger e-waste "take-back" and recycling program.Dalrymple, Jim, , Macworld, MacCentral, March 22, 2007. Accessed March 26, 2012. Shortly afterwards, Steve Jobs published an open letter claiming that "Apple is ahead of, or will soon be ahead of, most of its competitors in these areas". Apple was fined in 2007 by the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management Districts $43,200 for air quality violations at their Elk Grove facility in 2006.