Equatoguinean nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Equatorial Guinea, as amended; the Equatoguinean Nationality Regulation, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Equatorial Guinea. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Equatoguinean nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Equatorial Guinea, or jus sanguinis, born to parents with Equatoguinean nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.
Acquisition of nationality Nationality can be acquired in Equatorial Guinea at birth or later in life through naturalization.
By birth Those who acquire nationality at birth include:
Children born anywhere who have at least one parent who is an Equatoguinean national by birth. or
By naturalization Naturalization can be granted to persons who have resided in the territory for a sufficient period of time to confirm they understand Spanish or another language used in the country, and the customs and traditions of the society. General provisions are that applicants have good character and conduct; have no criminal convictions within or outside of the country; have no communicable diseases; have paid taxes and social security contributions; and have continuously resided in the country for forty years. Besides foreigners meeting the criteria, other persons who may be naturalized include:
The legal spouse of an Equatoguinean national after ten years of residency and cohabitation in the territory; Persons born in Equatorial Guinea who are residents of Equatorial Guinea at the time of majority can naturalize by declaration, if they have continuously lived in the territory for ten years; Adopted minors obtain Equatoguinean nationality after completion of legal adoption; Persons whose father or mother were born in Equatorial Guinea can acquire nationality after one year of residency; or Persons whose grandparents were born in Equatorial Guinea who are under parental authority of an Equatoguinean can acquire nationality after a two-year residency while a minor, or within one year of attaining majority.
Loss of nationality Equatoguinean nationals can renounce their nationality pending approval by the state. Nationality which has been renounced can be reacquired by petitioning the Ministry of Justice, Religious Affairs and Penitentiary Institutions. Nationals may be denaturalized in Equatorial Guinea for having dual nationality without government authorization or for fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in a naturalization petition.
Dual nationality Dual nationality has been allowed in Equatorial Guinea since 2011. Since 1990, it is forbidden for the president to hold multiple nationalities or be a naturalized Equatoguinean.
History Portuguese period (1472–1778) Seeking to discover trade routes to India, the Portuguese explorer Fernão do Pó, sighted the island of Bioko in 1472. He named the island Formosa ("Beautiful"), but it commonly was referred to as "Fernando Po". Within two years, the islands of Annobón, Príncipe, and São Tomé were also charted by the Portuguese. Based on their explorations, by 1480 Portugal had claimed the African coastline between Arguin, in present-day Mauritania, and , in present-day Gabon, as well as the islands of Cape Verde and in the Gulf of Guinea. In 1521, the Ordinances of Manuel I (), established that subjects were those born in Portuguese territory and that those leaving the territory without permission of the sovereign was grounds for denaturalization. In 1603, the () established that Portuguese subjects were children born on the Iberian Peninsula or adjacent islands, Brazil, or to an official in service to the crown in the Portuguese possessions of Africa or Asia, whose father was a native of Portugal, or whose mother was a native of Portugal and was married to a foreigner who had established domicile in Portugal for a minimum of ten years. Those who were not in service to the crown in the colonies (except Brazil) were not considered to be Portuguese. A child could not derive nationality directly from its mother unless it was illegitimate.
Spanish period (1778–1968) Wishing to reestablish the boundary for their Colony of Brazil which had been set at the 46th meridian west through a series of papal bulls, Queen Maria I of Portugal negotiated with King Charles III of Spain to extend their territory to include Portuguese occupations in the Amazon basin and in southern Brazil. In October 1777, the two crowns agreed to terms in the Treaty of San Ildefonso, which granted South American Spanish colonies to Portugal and the Portuguese West African coastal territories, including Annobón and Fernando Po, to Spain. The following year, Maria and Charles signed the Treaty of El Pardo reconfirming Spanish sovereignty over the two islands and the Bight of Biafra between the mouths of the Niger and Ogoue Rivers. Felipe José de los Santos Toro y Freyre, the Count of Argelejos, was dispatched in 1778 from Montevideo to take possession of and administer the new Spanish territory, but he died within a few days of his arrival. Illness and conflicts with the Portuguese on São Tomé reduced the initial colonizing party of 150 to 26 men, who returned to Montevideo in 1783. The failure of the colonization attempt led to little interest from Spain for its West African possessions for fifty years. They were assigned to the administration of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, based in Buenos Aires, until 1810 and then the British were leased the territory in 1817.
Spain's first constitution, the Constitution of Cadiz, enacted in 1812, specifically recognized as nationals only "free-men, born and bred up in the Spanish dominions, and their sons". Freedmen from Africa and foreigners residing within Spanish territory were permitted to naturalize as Spanish. The law was passed during the period (1808–1814) when Ferdinand VII of Spain was detained in France and Spanish juntas were organized to govern during his absence. Ferdinand's return to power and proclamation to reestablish an absolute monarchy led to the Spanish American wars of independence. In 1814 upon returning to Spain from captivity in France, Ferdinand VII abrogated the constitution and reinstated an absolute monarchy, leading to independence wars throughout Spanish America. Revolution in 1820 reinstated the Constitution of Cádiz, but the return to power of Ferdinand in 1823, saw it suspended again. Instability in the Spanish empire continued until 1874 with periods of conflict followed by calm only to erupt into insurrection again. The Constitution of Cádiz was reinstated in 1836 and revoked a year later.
In 1839, the British attempted to purchase Annobón and Fernando Po, but a price could not be agreed. When Isabella II ascended to the throne in 1843, she dispatched a commission to reestablish Spanish administration in the territory. Led by Juan José Lerena y Barry, they ordered the expulsion of Baptist missionaries, place names to be renamed in Spanish, and authorized John Beecroft, the British governor, to remain as the administrator of Spanish Guinea, but without pay. On the mainland, Lerena negotiated treaties with local Ndowe chiefs, granting them Spanish nationality, before reaffirming Spanish sovereignty over Annobón and returning to Spain. Upon Beecroft's death in 1854, his assistant James W. B. Lynslager, also British, was appointed by the Spanish crown as administrator of Spanish Guinea. He served until 1858, when he was replaced by a Spaniard, , who established Spanish colonial policy in administrating the territory. From 1858 until 1904, both French and Spanish governments claimed Río Muni, the mainland territory which had been ceded by Portugal to Spain. Though the 1900 Treaty of Paris established boundaries for French and Spanish territories, confusion remained until the Vatican resolved the issue in favor of Spain and appointed a bishop to serve from Santa Isabel.
Two Carlist Wars followed by the 1868 Spanish Revolution, led to a democratic experiment and the drafting of a new constitution in 1869. The constitution called for significant colonial reforms, but before they could be acted upon the Third Carlist War and subsequent restoration of the monarchy ended its authority. A new constitution was adopted in 1876, and in 1889 the first Spanish Civil Code was adopted. The Code was extended to Puerto Rico, Panama, the Philippines and Guam, establishing that nationality was acquired either from birth in Spanish territory or by descent from a Spanish national. Legitimate children could derive nationality from a father, but only illegitimate children could derive Spanish nationality from a mother, as a married woman was required to take the nationality of her husband. It also contained provisions for foreigners to naturalize. In 1904, Spanish administrators began classifying the native inhabitants as indigenous, meaning unassimilated Africans and not entitled to full rights, and emancipated, referring to Fernandinos, mixed-race, assimilated creoles. These statuses were not codified officially for two decades.
The Royal Decree of 17 July 1928 established regulations for the indigenous inhabitants of Spanish Guinea, classifying them as subjects not nationals () of Spain. It divided subjects into those who were governed by Spanish law and those who were subject to customary law and special legislation passed on their behalf by the colonial administration. On 29 September 1938 the Statute of Patronage for Indigenous Persons () created a guardianship relationship between indigenous persons and the state, wherein native inhabitants were legally incapacitated. The General Ordinance of 1938 () described the colony as a commercial enterprise and specified that the territory was not considered to be part of the Spanish homeland, rather part of its empire. Under regulations passed on 23 December 1944, the General Directorate of Morocco could grant full or limited emancipation based on professional or academic certification. Fully emancipated inhabitants were subject to the Spanish Civil and Commercial, and Penal Codes. Wives and children of fully emancipated natives were able to acquire full emancipation and from 1949, with the passage of Law of 21, received a certificate of their status. Those with limited emancipation had limited access to Spanish legislative protection and those who were not emancipated were subject to colonial administration and tribal custom.