The Mohamoud Garad (, , Full Name: ’Mohamoud Shirshore Habarwa Abdullah Muse Said Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti ) is a Somali clan. Its members form a part of the Dhulbahante, a sub-division of the Harti/Darod clan-family. The clan is divided into three main sub-clans ― namely the Ahmed garad, the Ugaadhyahan and abdi garad.
The traditional clan chief of Mohamoud Garad is Garad Saleban Garad Mohamed.
Overview
For political purposes, the Mohamoud Garad further sub-divided into Naleya Ahmed (the numerically largest sub-clan), Jama Siad and a confederation dubbed "Galool oriye" which encompasses all other sub-clans including Nuur Ahmed, Wa’eys Abdulle, Mohamoud Ugaadhyahan and Omar Wa’eys. The Jama Siad primarily inhabit the Casuura plains in western Sool, centred around the town of Yagoori. The Naleye Ahmed occupy a very large territory of centered on the Xadeed plains, of whom the southernmost are centered around Xudun, whilst the northernmost Naleye Ahmed subclans such as Rikhaaye and Bahina Farah have their deegaans (homelands) primarily situated in Jidali as well as the surrounding hamlets of the Barrado plains. The Galool Oriye subclan of Mohamoud Garad is best known for having hosted the first and oldest head fortress of the Darawiish, i.e. the Halin fort, as well as the final Darawiish head fortress at Taleh, and they primarily settle in Xaisimo and its environs.A Pastoral Democracy: A study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa (1961), IM Lewis
In the first book written on the colonial wars against the Darawiish written in 1902, Malcolm Mcneill states that the Mohamoud Garad was an enemy Darawiish clan and the one the British hated the most; it also states that British-friendly Somali clans feared the Mohamoud Garad due to them being effective raiders:In Pursuit of the Mad Mullah; Service and Sport in the Somali Protectorate, 1902, Malcolm McNeill
Eric Swayne was yearning to attack the Mohamoud Garad subclan of Dhulbahante on account of them being Darawiish:OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE OPERATIONS IN SOMALILAND, 1901-04 Volume One
However, the Mohamoud Garad was not unanimous in their support for the Dervishes and would sometimes be raided by the Dervishes because of this fact. For instance, in 1904 the Dervishes led by the Haroun attacked the Jama Siad subclan of the Mohamoud Garad.The London Gazette, September 2, 1904. The Parliamentary Debates (official Report).: House of Commons in 1913 notes:
In 1913 at the battle of Dul Madoba the Dervishes defeated the British. The Dervish forces under the leadership of Dhulbahante military commander Ismail Mire were attacked by British expeditionary forces made up of members of the Dhulbahante clan under the command of Richard Corfield. It is reported that the Dervishes previously looted herds from the Jama Siad subclan of the Mohamoud Garad, who subsequently agreed to assist the British in their attack. Thus, 300 Jama Siad warriors along with the Somaliland Camel Corps commanded by Corfield pursued and attacked the Dervishes at Dul Madoba. The British sustained heavy casualties and Corfield was killed in battle, whilst the 300 Jama Siad warriors fled unscathed.
Subclans Jama Siad The first confrontation from the British colonial force was against Jama Siad clan 30 May 1901:Official history of the operations in Somaliland 1901-1904, pge 65
According to Malcolm Mcneill, these Jama Siad camels were distributed by the British to the friendly clans afterwards:
Malcolm Mcneill describes Jama Siad as the natives of the area between Oog, spelled Oak, and Saamaale, adjacent to Guumays, and taking 3,500 camels from them on account of them being "powerful" Darawiish:
People Shire Umbaal, Jama Siad, Darawiish commander Yusuf Agararan, Jama Siad, led most successful Darawiish raid since Dul Madoba Adan Ali Gurey, Jama Siad, commander of Golaweyne Xirsi Cartan, mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list Serar Shawe, mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list
Galool Oriye
For the link between the Galool Oriye clan and Haysimo heritage, see the Mohamoud Garad#Haysimo heritage section.
the Mohamoud Ugaadhyahan is one of elder lineages of the Mohamoud Garad and holds the traditional secondary supreme Dhulbahante Garad, currently via Garad Saleban. Garad Saleban is a direct descendant of Ali Harran, who during the mid 19th century established a sovereign and independent Dhulbahante kingdom in the northeastern half of Ciid-Nugaal. Traditionally, the two people who held the most senior position within the northern Dhulbahante Kingdom, were the Abbaan and the successors of Ali Harran. According to British explorer Cruttenden, the northeastern Dhulbahante Kingdom under Garad Ali Harran guarded the northeastern parts of Ciid-Nugaal from the Majeerteen and the northwestern parts from the Warsangeli clan as well as raiders of the Habr Je'lo clan based in Karin:
The Galool Oriye subclan of Nur Ahmed was one of the subclans which attacked a British barracks commanded by British Captain malcolm Mcneill in June 1901 wherein the British tactically prevailed over the Darawiish. The Darawiish clans encumbered 600 casualties in the attack. The other named subclans were primarily Dhulbahante subclans:
People Cali Darmaan Garaase, was a member of the haroun (Darawiish government), of the Nur-Ahmed, a Galool Oriye Dhulbahante clan Warsame Ciise Geeldabar, was a member of the haroun (Darawiish government), of the Nur-Ahmed, a Galool Oriye Dhulbahante clan Ali Meggar, Darawiish naval commander
Naleye Ahmed The Naleye Ahmed, boasts the largest sub-lineage within the Ugaadhyahan and the Mohamoud Garad clan. According to Markus Virgil Hoehne, a conflict anthropologist at the University of Leipzig stated during his trip to Northern Somalia: "Naaleeye Axmed is probably the largest sub-clan of the Dhulbahante. Its members live in areas stretching from Laascaanood up to Ceerigaabo in Sanaag region."
In Sool, The sub-sub-clan resides primarily in the Hudun District and Las Anod District. in the Hudun District, they make up the vast majority of the residing population, with towns such as Hudun, Lafaweyne, Jidbaale, Dhibshabeel, Shinbiraaley etc... . In the Las Anod District, they reside in towns such as Las Anod, Tukaraq, Adhi Cadeye, Faladyale and others. In Sanaag, the Naleya Ahmed are the primary Dhulbahante sub-clan that resides in the region, with the Erigavo District being their native settlement, with towns such as Erigavo, Fiqifuliye, Jidali, Masagan, Damala Xagare, Ardaa, Dib Qarax etc... and reaching southern towns of the region such as Awrboogays, Sarmanyo and Kulaal historically. John A Hunt stated the following about the location of the Naleye Ahmed territory:
"The Nogal (Las Anod) District defined in 1944. This was supposed to have been done for administrative convenience, but the somewhat crooked boundary between the Burao and Nogal districts suggests that it was intended to make the Las Anod-Nogal District an entirely Dolbahanta Tribal District ... All the Dolbahanta have been Las Anod District since 1944, except for the Naleya Ahmed of the Ogadyahan Siad, of whom the Rer Elmi and part of the Rer Jibril are now Las Anod. The rest remaining in Erigavo District".
During the 2000s decade, some Somali regional administrations advocated carving out a distinct district for the Bahina Farah, Bah Rikhaaye and Bah-Idoor subclans of Naleye Ahmed called Fiqifuliye District; the Bah-Isaaq Naleye Ahmed is not to be confused with the Warsangeli subclan who settle in the town of Hingalool whom are also called Bah-Isaaq.Notebook: Flag of Puntland Wide Ruled, Curtis Darius · 2020 During the colonial era, the Naleye Ahmed subclan of Dhulbahante was known for coercing neighbouring clans to hold diplomatic relations with the Darawiish. For example, the Habar Yunis clan of Musa Ismail was coerced by Naleye Ahmed Dhulbahante to have diplomatic relations with Darawiish due to their imminent southward migration as a result of abundant rain in the Nugal valley:The Scramble in the Horn of Africa; History of Somalia (1827-1977)
The Jibril Naleya and Ali Naleya subclans of Naleya Ahmed were singled out by the British colonialist government in Berbera as requiring a heavy penalty for their adherence to Darawiishnimo:
People Afqarshe Ismail, Adan Naleye, former Darawiish spokesman-poet; and first person to die in an airstrike in Africa Nur Hedik, Ali Naleye, commander of the Darawiish cavalry who had a shiikhyaale regiment named after him Ibrahim Galongol, Jibril Naleye mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list Warsame Ali Gulaydh, mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list
Groups Indhabadan, was a Darawiish administrative division which was half Mohamoud Garaad, specifically, Naleeye Ahmed.Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 2005 - PAGE 173 Ba Ina Nur Hedik, the entire Mohamoud Garad populated the Shiikhyaale administrative division, however, the Naleye Ahmed were in its aforementioned branch
Distribution The traditional homeland of the Mohamoud Garad straddles the Nugaal Valley, while they primarily settle in the regions of Sool, Sanaag and Togdheer in Somaliland. In particular, members of the clan are well represented in the districts of Las Anod, Xudun, Taleh, Erigavo and Buuhoodle.
Moreover, the clan has a significant presence in the Somali cities of Las Anod, Erigavo, Garowe and Kismayo.
Haysimo heritage The regions inhabited by the Galool Oriye subclan primarily consists of the northeasternmost parts of Sool, commonly referred to as the Haysimo region. This is due to the fact that the Galool Oriye clan hosted the earliest Darawiish central fort, the Halin Fort, as well as the final, in Taleh, namely Silsilad. As such the Galool Oriye clan are considered the custodians of the Darawiish central forts, named as Dhulbahante garesas by the Italian governor Caroselli, namely Halin fort and Taleh fort.
Halin Fort The notion of the building of fortresses for Darawiish began as soon as hostilities came to light in 1899; as Eric Swayne encountered a fort at Halin during the second expedition in 1902, The British War Office stated that Eric Swayne destroyed the fort in 1902, and that it was inhabited by the Ugaadhyahan Dhulbahante subclans of Naleye Ahmed and Nur Ahmed:Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04 Great Britain. War Office. General Staff · 1907, PAGE 100
These Darawiish inhabited forts were referred to by the Sayid and Italian governor Caroselli as Dhulbahante garesas taken from the Dhulbahante clan by the British:Ferro e Fuoco in Somalia, da Francesco Saverio Caroselli, Rome, 1931; p. 272.
Although the endonymic term for Darawiish built installations as per the Sayid and Caroselli are Dhulbahante garesas, colonial sources refer to them as Dervish forts.The Parliamentary Debates (official Report).: House of Commons, Parliament. House of Commons · 1920, PAGE 719
Silsilad Silsilad was the man building of the Silsilad complex built by Darawiish:The Mad Mullah of Somaliland, Douglas James Jardine, p 213
Transit Dhulbahante garesas
Transit Dhulbahante garesas were forts that were meant for conveyance to larger Dhulbahante garesa and were typically smaller. The main transit Dhulbahante garesa to the east was the Yabaayil Dhulbahante garesa, a transit site for travel to the Eyl Dhulbahante garesa. The main northern transit Dhulbahante garesa was the Hiilburaan Dhulbahante garesa, situated in the town of the same name.
Hiilbuuraan incident