Ljuba Prenner (19 June 190615 September 1977) was a Slovene lawyer and writer, active in the interwar period. Prenner was assigned female at birth, but from a young age identified as male and began to transition to a male appearance as a teenager. Prenner's family were not well-off and moved often in his childhood, before settling in Slovenj Gradec. Because of a lack of funds, Prenner often worked and had to change schools. Despite these difficulties, he graduated from high school in 1930 and immediately entered law school at the University of King Alexander I. He began publishing about this time and earned a living by tutoring other students and selling his writing. He published several short stories and novels including the first Slovenian detective story.
Completing a doctorate in 1941, Prenner opened a law practice and earned a reputation for defending political prisoners and those accused of crimes against the state. Now living as a male, his combative manner in the courtroom and strong sense of judicial independence led to his being imprisoned several times by the communist regime. After being expelled from the Slovene Writers' Association, he was unable to publish until shortly before his death. Prenner was released from prison in 1950 and began a campaign to have his law license restored. From 1954, he was allowed to practice again and was known for rarely losing a case. He was asked in 1968 to give the speech for the Bar Association's centennial celebrations and in 1970 was appointed as the permanent German-language court interpreter for Slovenia.
Prenner died from breast cancer in 1977. Changes in social conventions and celebrations for the hundredth anniversary of his birth have led to a re-examination of his life in biographies and documentaries, as well as publication of some of his previously unpublished autobiographical novels.
Early life and education (1906–1930) Ljuba Prenner was born Amalia Marija Ursula Prenner on 19 June 1906, in Fara, near Prevalje, in the Slovene province of Carinthia, Austria-Hungary, to Marija Čerče and Josef Prenner. His father was a German carpenter and gunsmith from Kočevje. His mother was a Slovene, the daughter of a winemaker and cobbler. Though his father was not fluent in Slovene and his mother spoke no German, Prenner spoke both those languages from a young age. He discarded his baptismal name and adopted the name Ljuba, a name with varied forms used for both males and females in various Slavic languages, as soon as he recognized his ability to think independently. He had a younger sister, Josipina, and an older half-brother, Ivan Čerče, an illegitimate child conceived before his mother married.
Prenner's family was not well-off and moved often because of the father's work. He has completed first grade in Ruše, where the family moved in 1910, and the next three grades in Slovenj Gradec. Education was barred to most women at the time, as traditional Christian values required that they be subordinate and confined to the domestic sphere. High schools did not admit girls and a university education was required a secondary education diploma. At the end of World War I, Slovenia became part of the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Women created organizations and demanded equality in the new country, including the right to vote, earn a living, and access to education. It was not until 1929 that coeducational compulsory education for eight grades was enacted in the country, which in that year, became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. 1929 was also the first year that women were allowed to participate in the legal profession in Slovenia.
In 1919, Prenner enrolled in the private Ptuj State Gymnasium and was able to finish three years before a lack of funds forced him to return home. He studied his fourth year courses privately in Celje and then returned to Ptuj to take the examination to certify completion of the grade. As a teenager, Prenner began to cut his hair short and began transitioning his appearance from female to male. He also began attending theater events and literary evenings that exposed him to Slovenian culture and instilled a desire to continue his education. Short of funds, he took a position as a typist in a law firm in Slovenj Gradec, increasing his savings for the next two years. He then moved to Belgrade and enrolled in the First Women's Realgymnasium. He completed his fifth and sixth years of high school there while working as a hospital attendant and a clerk for a plumbing company. After exhausting his savings he returned home and completed the remaining two years of high school through private study. In 1930, he successfully passed the Matura matriculation at the Ljubljana Lyceum, having proven proficiency in English, French, German, and Italian.
University studies and early literary career (1929–1939) Prenner immediately enrolled in law school at the University of King Alexander I. Though he tutored many of his colleagues, he failed almost every examination at the first attempt, whereas those he taught passed. It took him six years to earn his law degree because of the discriminatory practices he encountered and his need to work. In addition to tutoring, he published short stories to earn money. Between 1936 and 1937, he completed his legal internship with Josip Lavrič in Slovenj Gradec and then moved to Ljubljana to facilitate studying for a doctorate.
Despite studying to become a lawyer, Prenner hoped to become a writer. His short stories like Trojica (1929) and Življenje za hrbtom (1936), and novels such as Pohorska vigred v časopisu Jutro (1930–31) and Mejniki ali kronika malega sveta v reviji Ženski svet (1936–38), eschewed the prevailing Socialist realism model then popular for literary works. Rather than an ideologically driven text, Prenner's works were characterized by the human ability to adapt to life with faith, humor, and irony. He wrote many situational comedies using satire and wit. Almost all these works are set in a small town, feature a lawyer, and contain autobiographical elements with a typically male protagonist. These literary efforts judged as light entertainments rather than serious literary efforts. As a result, most of his works were never published. In 1939, he published the first crime novel in Slovenia, Neznani storilec (The Unknown Perpetrator). That year, he was admitted to membership in the Slovene Writers' Association.
Prenner worked in two different law firms and completed his graduate studies in 1941. That year, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers of Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, and Italy, who partitioned the country. Slovenia was split in half, with Italy taking the western portion and Germany taking the eastern part. The following year, he passed his bar examination. The fact that he was born in what was now the German-controlled half of Slovenia would have prevented the Italian authorities from granting him a license to practice in their territory, which included Ljubljana. Taking advantage of the fact that the name of his birthplace was not unique, Prenner applied for a license and gave Fara as his birthplace without specifying its location and the Italians assumed it was the Fara they controlled in Kočevje and issued him a license.
Legal career, activism, and imprisonment (1939–1954) Now increasingly living as a male, during his doctorate studies Prenner joined the Osvobodilna fronta (Liberation Front, OF), an anti-fascist civil resistance movement. His apartment was used for meetings and as a dropbox for partisan communiques. He housed comrades who needed shelter for a night and provided legal advice or defense to detainees and prisoners. As he refused to join the communist party on account of their methods rather than their ideology, party leaders began to watch him as a potential opponent. Prenner opened a private law practice in 1943, and gained a reputation for his work during the war with political prisoners. In one scheme, he filed false paperwork with the authorities claiming that the judgments of the Italian courts were invalid after Italy capitulated to the Allies. He secured the freedom of many Slovenes before the Germans realized their error and arrested him in 1944. He escaped imprisonment, but had to pay a large fine.
When the war ended, Prenner was one of only 13 lawyers allowed to continue practicing by the communist government. In 1946, he was assigned to represent the partisan Tončko Vidic, who had been sentenced to death for treason. Prenner thought that the conviction was based on flimsy evidence and found witnesses who were able to prove that the charges were false. He demanded a retrial, earning an acquittal for his client. In the aftermath of the trial, he and the prosecutor, whose weak case he had exposed, engaged in a physical altercation, which resulted in Prenner being fined by the disciplinary court. He became known as a lawyer who rarely lost a case, using unyielding determination and legal acumen. Among those he represented who were accused of collaborating with the Italian occupation authorities were Juro Adlešič, former mayor of Ljubljana; the owner of the cinema in Ljubljana; and Slovenes who had participated with Draža Mihailović in resistance during the war.
Prenner represented those charged with crimes against the state or state property, refusing to represent clients he did not consider to be wrongly accused. He believed that the judiciary had to maintain its independence from the government and not be swayed by politics. This often led to confrontations with those who saw the courts as an enforcer for the communist regime. In 1947, the communist newspaper, Slovenski poročevalec (The Slovene Reporter), published an article strongly criticizing Prenner. It alleged that he undermined the reputation and authority of prosecutors, the court system, the State Security Administration, and the government by inappropriately belittling the performance of officials. He was arrested and spent a month and a half in a pre-trial jail located on Miklošičeva cesta (Miklosich Street). While in jail, he composed the libretto Slovo od mladosti (Farewell from Youth).
Though Prenner's comedy Veliki mož (The Great Man) was successfully staged in 1943 at the Ljubljana Drama Theatre, in 1947 it was attacked by the literary censors and he was expelled from the Writers Association. He was not allowed to publish again until 1976. Released from prison in the fall of 1947, he began working part-time at the Institute of the Slovene Language, part of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, advising on legal concepts for the Slovene language dictionary. He was arrested by the State Security Administration in 1949 and returned to the jail on Miklošičeva cesta. Officially, he was never charged with an offense and kept his job until 1952. He was moved from the pre-trial jail to the Ferdreng Women's Camp and required to work in the quarry. To keep up his spirits and those of the other inmates, Prenner wrote the humorous piece, Prošnja za novo stranišče (Request for a New Toilet), stressing the inadequacy of three toilets for 300 prisoners. He helped the other prisoners by filing complaints about the poor food and sexual assaults, which often earned him time in solitary confinement.