Operation Encore was the Allied offensive timed for FebruaryMarch 1945, to break through the Gothic Line. This was initiated at the army instead of corps level. This comprised an assault by the 10th Mountain Division and the Brazilian Expeditionary Force to secure the high ground dominating where it crossed the Apennine Mountains (18 February25 February 1945),Ernest F. Fisher Jr., The Mediterranean Theater of Operations: Cassino to the Alps (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1977), p. 425f followed by a limited offensive that ended with the capture of the crossroads at Castel d'Aiano (3 March5 March 1945), pp. 185-193 Once these objectives were achieved, the Fifth Army could successfully penetrate the northern Apennines to reach the Po Valley as part of the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy.
Background Following the capture of Rome 4 June 1944, the Allied forces proceeded north in two groups: the British Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese) advancing along the coastal plain of the Adriatic, and the U.S. Fifth Army (Lieutenant General Mark Clark) to the west through the central Apennine Mountains.Edwin P. Hoyt, Backwater War: The Allied Campaign in Italy, 1943-1945 (Westport: Praeger, 2002), p. 173 Before them stood the carefully prepared German defenses of the Gothic Line. General Clark's plan had initially been to drive through the Apennines at two points: the main body of II Corps would advance north along the , the highway that connects Florence to Bologna by way of the Futa Pass. When these troops encountered the expected enemy resistance, the 34th Division would launch a strong diversionary attack west of the Futa Pass, while the rest of II Corps would bypass Futa Pass to the east and attack the lightly defended Il Giogo Pass near the boundary of the German Fourteenth and Tenth Armies. This attack began 10 September 1944.Dwight D. Oland, , pp. 6-10 Washington DC: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-34. Last accessed 16 December 2024
However, the Apennines were a formidable terrain and despite reduced numbers and limited supplies the Germans proved to be stubborn foes in their well-prepared defensive positions. While the American divisions managed to advance past both the Futa and Il Giogo passes, it was at a high cost. Between 10 September and 26 October, II Corps' four divisions had suffered over 15,000 casualties. On 27 October General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean, ordered a halt to these offensives.Oland, North Apennines: 1944-1945, p. 22
The Allies made one last attempt to break through the Apennines, using units of the recently arrived Brazilian Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the 92nd Infantry Division. To the west of Futa Pass, the Strada statale 64 passed Mount Belvedere on its route to Bologna; control of Mount Belvedere would give the Allies control of the highway, allowing a breakthrough into the Po Valley. From 24 November through 12 December three unsuccessful assaults were made to capture the mountain, but despite Allied efforts each time they secured the peak of the mountain, German artillery drove them off the heights.Peter Shelton, Climb to Conquer (New York: Scribners, 2003), p. 121
A few weeks later the US 10th Mountain Division, the only American mountain infantry unit, and which had been stateside impatiently waiting to participate in the fighting, arrived in Italy. The 10th arrived at Naples piecemeal starting 22 December 1944, with the last units landing on 13 January 1945.Harris Dusenbery, The North Apennines and Beyond with the 10th Mountain Division (Portland: Binford and Mort, 1978), pp. 236f From Naples they made their way by ship or by rail in forty-and-eights to Livorno, then by trucks to Pisa. From Pisa the men proceeded to which became divisional headquarters, and proceeded to prepare for battle.
Battle of Mount Belvedere
Previous attempts in November 1944 to secure had ended in failure. The specialist 10th Mountain Division, under General George Price Hays, was assigned to secure it and nearby mountains. They were supported on their right by the BEF. Because the 10th Mountain was light on organic artillery, Major General Willis Crittenberger, commander of the IV Corps, lent them two field artillery battalions, a Chemical Mortar battalion, two tank destroyer battalions, and one tank battalion.Hoyt, Backwater War, p. 192
Facing the Allied troops was the German 232nd Infantry Division, which had been intended to be a second-line unit, but had been fighting in the line since its arrival in Italy in August 1944. The units of this division most involved in this battle were the 1044th Grenadiers regiment, the 232nd Rifle and the 232nd Fusiliers battalions; the 1044th Grenadiers were assigned the sector from Cima Tauffi in the west to Mount Belvedere, and the two battalions served as reinforcements.Heinrich Boucsein, Bomber, Jabos, Partisanen (Berg am Starnberger See: Kurt-Vowinckel, 2000), p. 77 The 4th Hochgebirgsjäger battalion also served as reinforcements.Boucsein, Bomber, p. 79 At the time the attack began, German General Eccard Freiherr von Gablenz had convened a meeting at Castel d'Aiano to discuss replacing the 1044th Grenadiers in the line with a regiment of the 114th Jäger Division; the adjutant and the intelligence officer of the 1044th Grenadiers were away at the meeting the morning of 19 February.Boucsein, Bomber, p. 78
The first move was to capture the – range of mountains, known to the Americans as Riva Ridge, rising southwest of Mt. Belvedere. General Hays had noticed that observation posts on this range provided excellent views of the south slope of Mt. Belvedere, and correctly deduced German possession of this ridge had contributed to the previous unsuccessful attempts to capture Mt. Belvedere.Thomas R. Brooks, "10th Mountain Division History" in Randy W. Baumgardner, 10th Mountain Division (Nashville: Turner Publishing Company, 1998), , p. 30 As Peter Shelton writes, "They not only had a perfect stadium-like view of Allied comings and goings, they could direct devastating fire in behind any approach to Belvedere's south slope."Shelton, Climb to Conquer, p. 126 German observation posts on this ridge had to be neutralized first, so on the night of 18/19 February 1945 the first battalion of the 86th Mountain Infantry Regiment, augmented by company F from the second battalion, scaled the cliffs of Riva Ridge. Had the Germans learned of this night climb, American command estimated as many as 90% of the regiment would become casualties.Isserman, Winter War, p. 152 Fortunately for the battalion, they reached the top undetected by the enemy. Compounding the German's difficulties, at the time of the ascent the men of the 1044th Grenadier regiment were in the process of being relieved by the men of the 232nd Fusilier battalion, a distraction further enabling the American capture of Riva Ridge.Isserman, Winter War, p. 154 As daylight broke, the Germans discovered the presence of the 86th Mountain Infantry and attempted to push the Americans off the ridge. While the Americans held their positions, the fighting was heaviest at the northern end of the ridge where two German companies over a period of 36 hours repeatedly attacked the single American platoon holding Pizzo di Campiano, however failing to dislodge the platoon.McKay Jenkins, The Last Ridge (New York: Random House, 2003), pp. 176f
With Riva Ridge secure, the following night (19/20 February) the other two regiments of the division began their frontal assault on German lines: the 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment advanced on the western slopes of Mount Belvedere, while the 85th Mountain Infantry Regiment advanced up the southern slopes. To achieve maximum surprise, no preliminary artillery barrage was made. The third battalion of the 86th Mountain Infantry advanced to the right of the 85th Mountain Infantry. Despite minefields and emplaced machine gun positions, the 87th Mountain captured two of the three villages on the western slopes, as well as the Valpiana Ridge, by dawn.Isserman, Winter War, p. 168 Meanwhile the 85th Mountain Infantry had reached the top of Mount Belvedere between 3:30a and 5:30a 20 February, and one battalion of the 85th Mountain Infantry reached the summit of neighboring Mount Gorgolesco by 3:00a.Isserman, Winter War, p. 169
The German 114th Jäger division was frustrated in its advance to the front lines and assist the 232nd Grenadier Infantry division against the Americans by repeated sorties of Allied fighter bombers. Soldiers were only able to advance 300-400 meters between each sortie.Boucsein, Bomber, p. 82
The last peak of the chain of mountains remained to be taken. For this part of the battle, General Hays brought in the artillery assets, while British Spitfires and American P-47s were coordinated by ground spotters dubbed "Rover Joe".Isserman, Winter War, p. 173 However, supported by the recently arrived 741st Jäger Regiment, of the 114th Jäger division, on 21 February units of the 232nd Infantry Division launched a fierce counterattack on Mount Belvedere that stopped the American advance down the reverse slope but failed to gain any ground.Hoyt, Backwater War, p. 193 The second battalion of the 85th Mountain Infantry began their advance along the ridgeline from Mt. Gorgolesco towards Mount della Torraccio, only to be stopped some 400 yards short of their objective by the Germans' effective use of artillery. By the afternoon of 22 February the battalion was down to 400 effectives; General Hays relieved their commander, and sent the third battalion of the 86th Mountain Infantry in their place. Following an artillery barrage of the German positions on Mount della Torraccio, on 24 February the third battalion moved forward to seize the summit of the mountain in hand-to-hand combat by 9:00am. The German Mittenwald Mountain Training Battalion initiated counterattacks on the afternoon of that day that continued into the night, but failed to dislodge the men of the 86th Mountain Infantry.Isserman, Winter War, p. 179
Meanwhile, the BEF pressed forward with the final assault on Monte Castello, located south of Monte della Torraccia, capturing the summit on February 21 after more than twelve hours of fierce combat against the German 232nd Infantry Division. German forces retreated to neighboring defensive positions only after their front lines were broken by the Brazilian infantry.
A five-day period of relative peace intervened before the advance towards the Po resumed. Some select men were sent from the front to nearby rest camps; some of the others in the line were visited by Red Cross donut girls who handed out pastries to men surprised to see them so close to the front.Isserman, Winter War, p. 185
American casualties from the Battle of Mount Belvedere were 192 killed in action, 730 wounded, and 1 captured.Isserman, Winter War, p. 180 Brazilian casualties were 22 dead and 137 wounded.João Baptista Mascarenhas de Moraes, The Brazilian Expeditionary Force (Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1966), p. 118 n. 34 German casualties are unknown, but American records note over 400 were taken prisoner.
Battle of Castel D'Aiano
The second phase of Operation Encore began five days later. The American 10th Mountain would advance north, with the 86th Mountain Infantry on the left and the 87th Mountain Infantry on the right, to occupy four peaks that would serve as their line of departure for Operation Craftsman; the 85th Mountain Infantry would be kept in reserve. From west to east the peaks were Mount Grande d'Aiano, Mount della Spe, Mount della Castellana, and Mount Valbura. To their right the BEF would advance to the northeast to occupy Vergato which lay on Strada statale 64 Porrettana; occupying this town would sever both the German lines of supply and communications back to the Po valley.Fisher, Mediterranean Theater, pp. 432f