Lieberson is an Anglicized version of the German–Jewish surname Liebersohn. Notable people with the surname include:
Goddard Lieberson (1911–1977), American music industry executive Lorraine Hunt Lieberson (1954–2006), American mezzo-soprano Peter Lieberson (1946–2011), American classical composer Samuel Lieberson (1881–1965), Odessa-born composer Sanford Lieberson (born 1936), American film producer Stanley Lieberson (1933–2018), Canadian-born American sociologist