Hearts and Minds is a 1974 American documentary film about the Vietnam War directed by Peter Davis. The film's title is based on a quote from President Lyndon B. Johnson: "the ultimate victory will depend on the hearts and minds of the people who actually live out there". It won the Oscar for Best Documentary at the 47th Academy Awards presented in 1975.

The film premiered at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival. Commercial distribution was delayed in the United States due to legal issues, including a temporary restraining order obtained by one of the interviewees, former National Security Advisor Walt Rostow, who had claimed through his attorney that the film was "somewhat misleading" and "not representative" and that he had not been given the opportunity to approve the results of his interview.Dugas, David via United Press International. "Viet War Film Late, Or Maybe Just in Time", Pacific Stars and Stripes via Newspaper Archive, February 25, 1975. Accessed August 15, 2008. Columbia Pictures refused to distribute the picture, which forced the producers to purchase back the rights and release it by other means. The film was shown in Los Angeles for the one week it needed to be eligible for consideration in the 1974 Academy Awards.

In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

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A scene described as one of the film's "most shocking and controversial sequences" shows the funeral of a South Vietnamese soldier and his grieving family, as a sobbing woman is restrained from climbing into the grave after the coffin.Dittmar, Linda; and Michaud, Gene. From Hanoi to Hollywood: The Vietnam War in American Film, Rutgers University Press, 1990 via Google Books, p. 273. . The funeral scene is juxtaposed with an interview with General William Westmoreland—commander of American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968 and United States Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972—telling a stunned Davis that "The Oriental doesn't put the same high price on life as does a Westerner. Life is plentiful. Life is cheap in the Orient." After an initial take, Westmoreland indicated that he had expressed himself inaccurately. After a second take ran out of film, the section was reshot for a third time, and it was the third take that was included in the film. Davis later reflected on this interview stating, "As horrified as I was when General Westmoreland said, 'The Oriental doesn’t put the same value on life,' instead of arguing with him, I just wanted to draw him out... I wanted the subjects to be the focus, not me as filmmaker."

The film also includes clips of George Thomas Coker, a United States Navy aviator held by the North Vietnamese as a prisoner of war for six and a half years, including more than two years spent in solitary confinement.Return With Honor Transcript , PBS. Accessed August 11, 2008. One of the film's earliest scenes details a homecoming parade in Coker's honor in his hometown of Linden, New Jersey, where he tells the assembled crowd on the steps of city hall that, if the need arose, they must be ready to send him back to war. Answering a student's question about Vietnam at a school assembly, Coker responds that "If it wasn't [sic] for the people, it was very pretty. The people there are very backwards and primitive and they make mess out of everything." In a 2004 article on the film, Desson Thomson of The Washington Post comments on the inclusion of Coker in the film, noting that "When he does use people from the pro-war side, Davis chooses carefully." Time magazine's Stefan Kanfer noted the lack of balance in Coker's portrayal, "An ex-P.O.W.'s return to New Jersey is played against a background of red-white-and-blue-blooded patriots and wide-eyed schoolchildren. The camera, which amply records the agonies of South Vietnamese political prisoners, seems uninterested in the American lieutenant's experience of humiliation and torture."Kanfer, Stefan. "War-Torn', Time (magazine), March 17, 1975. Accessed August 11, 2008.

The film also features Vietnam war veteran and anti-war activist Bobby Muller, who later founded the Vietnam Veterans of America."Scores of Reasons to See These Silent Films", The Washington Post, October 15, 2004. Accessed August 6, 2008.

Daniel Ellsberg, who had released the Pentagon Papers in 1971, discusses his initial gung-ho attitude toward the war in Vietnam.Canby, Vincent. "'Hearts and Minds,' a Film Study of Power", The New York Times, March 24, 1975. Accessed August 6, 2008.

The concluding interview features US Vietnam veteran Randy Floyd, stating "We've all tried very hard to escape what we have learned in Vietnam. I think Americans have worked extremely hard not to see the criminality that their officials and their policy makers exhibited."

The film includes images of Phan Thị Kim Phúc in sections of a film shot of the aftermath of a napalm attack which shows Phúc at about age nine running naked on the street after being severely burned on her back.

List of Interviewees The following list excludes second appearances, and people who are uncredited: the latter include various presidents (Richard Nixon, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, etc.) and Bob Hope:

Clark Clifford - aide to Truman 1946-50, Secretary of Defense 1968-69 John Foster Dulles - Secretary of State 1953-59 Georges Bidault - French Foreign Minister 1954 Lt. George Coker - Vietnam PoW 1966-73 Walt Rostow - aide to Johnson and Kennedy Senator J. W. Fulbright - chairman of Foreign Relations Committee Former Cpt. Randy Floyd, USMC pilot Jerry Holter and Charles Hoey - USAF pilots J. Edgar Hoover Senator Joseph R. McCarthy Former Cpl. Stan Holder Former 1st Lt. Bobby Muller (now using a wheelchair) Kay Dvorshock - Bobby Muller's girlfriend Daniel Ellsberg - former aide Defense Dept. (Rand Corporation) General William Westmoreland - Commanding General Vietnam 1964-68 Nguyen Van Toi - Vietnamese man Vo Thi Hue and Vo Thi Tu - Vietnamese sisters Father Chan Tin of Saigon Diem Chau - editor of Trinh Bay magazine David Emerson of Concord, Massachusetts - father of dead pilot Mui Duc Giang - Vietnamese coffin maker

Former Specialist 5 Edward Sowders - army deserter Mrs Lora Sowders - mother of Edward Sowders Barton Osbern - former Army Intelligence Officer, CIA Sgt. George Trendell of Fort Dix New Jersey Thich Lieu Minh of the An Quang Pagoda, Saigon Former Sgt. William Marshall of Detroit Colonel George Patton IV (as "George Patton III") Duong Van Khai - refugee Nguyen Ngoc-Linh - chairman of Mekong Conglomerate, former Cabinet Minister in South Vietnam Mike Sulsana - amputee (voice of) I. F. Stone - journalist Senator Eugene McCarthy Senator Robert F. Kennedy Ngo Dinh Diem - President of South Vietnam 1955-63 General Nguyen Khanh - President of South Vietnam 1964-65 General Maxwell Taylor - ambassador to South Vietnam 1964-65 Nguyen Thi Sau - former political prisoner (F) Ngo Ba Thanh - political prisoner Mary Cochran Emerson - mother of dead pilot Vu Duc Vinh - North Vietnamese bombing victim

Critical reception Hearts and Minds has attracted widely polarized opinions from film critics since its release. Reviewers commonly consider it either a masterpiece of political/documentary filmmaking or a propagandistic hatchet job on the Vietnam War, with some viewing it as both. A mixture of mostly contemporary film critic reviews on the review tallying website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 90% of the 40 film critic reviews they tallied were positive with an average critics score of 8.31 out of 10.

Vietnam War films from the 1960s to the 1970s reflected deep divisions at home over the war. Some reflected pro-war sentiments and vilified anti-war protesters, while others stood at the opposite end and criticized government officials and policies. Hearts and Minds was one of the first of the latter to be produced and released before the war's end in 1975.

Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film an "epic documentary ... [that] recalls this nation's agonizing involvement in Vietnam, something you may think you know all about, including the ending. But you don't." Canby included the film among his ten best of 1975, calling it a "fine, complex, admittedly biased meditation upon American power" and a movie "that will reveal itself as one of the most all-encompassing records of the American civilization ever put into one film."Canby, Vincent. "FILM VIEW; The Ten Best Films of 1975", The New York Times, December 28, 1975. Accessed August 14, 2008. Desson Thomson of The Washington Post described it as "one of the best documentaries ever made, a superb film about the thoughts and feelings of the era, the whole festering, spirited animus of it." Rex Reed called it that year's "best film at the Cannes Film Festival" and stated that "[t]his is the only film I have ever seen that sweeps away the gauze surrounding Vietnam and tells the truth."Reed, Rex. "A film Americans nay not see", Independent Press-Telegram, via Newspaper Archive, August 18, 1974. Accessed August 15, 2008. World Movies, the Australian subscription TV channel, included Hearts and Minds in its 2007 series of 25 Docs You Must See Before You Die.

Other reviewers have criticized the movie for bias. Roger Ebert for the Chicago Sun Times wrote in his three-star review: "Here is a documentary about Vietnam that doesn't really level with us ... If we know something about how footage is obtained and how editing can make points, it sometimes looks like propaganda ... And yet, in scene after scene, the raw material itself is so devastating that it brushes the tricks aside." Walter Goodman of The New York Times in an article titled False Art of the Propaganda Film, pointed out Davis' technique of showing only one side of the interview, pointing out that Walt Rostow's response may have been in response to "some provocation, a gesture, a facial expression, a turn of phrase" from his interrogator. He also criticized Shirley MacLaine's The Other Half of the Sky: A China Memoir, and Haskell Wexler's Introduction to the Enemy.Goodman, Walter. "The False Art of the Propaganda Film", The New York Times, March 23, 1975. Accessed August 14, 2008. Shirley MacLaine rejected the criticism in a published rejoinder.

David Dugas of United Press International, in a 1975 review printed in Pacific Stars and Stripes, said that "Davis' approach clearly is one-sided and is not likely to impress Vietnam hawks. But his film is brilliantly assembled, biting and informative."

M. Joseph Sobran, Jr. of the conservative magazine National Review, writing in 1975, called the film a "blatant piece of propaganda ... disingenuously one-sided ..." and went on to show the cinematic techniques used by the producers to achieve this effect.

Stefan Kanfer of Time magazine noted in 1975 that "Throughout, Hearts and Minds displays more than enough heart. It is mind that is missing. Perhaps the deepest flaw lies in the method: the Viet Nam War is too convoluted, too devious to be examined in a style of compilation without comment."

In 2002, David Ng wrote in Images: A Journal of Film and Popular Culture wrote: "The documentary is clearly anti-war in both tone and content."

Academy Award