Smith is an occupational surname originating in England. It is the most prevalent surname in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and the fifth most common surname in Ireland. In America, the surname Smith is particularly prevalent among those of English, Scottish, and Irish descent,Citation: Brooke, 2006. but is also a common surname among African-Americans, which can be attributed either to the African slaves having been given the surname of their masters, or to being an occupational name, as some southern African-Americans took this surname to reflect their or their father's trade.Franklin Carter Smith, Emily Anne Crom, A Genealogist's Guide to Discovering Your African-American Ancestors (2009), pp. 109–110. 2,442,977 Americans shared the surname Smith at the time of the 2010 census,United States Census Bureau. " ". 27 December 2016. Accessed 3 November 2019. and more than 500,000 people shared it in the United Kingdom as of 2006. At the turn of the 20th century, the surname was sufficiently prevalent in England to have prompted the statement: "Common to every village in England, north, south, east, and west";Bardsley. English and Welsh Surnames. 1901. and sufficiently common on the (European) continent (in various forms) to be "common in most countries of Europe".Citation: Anderson, 1863.

Etymology and history The name refers to a smith, originally deriving from or , the Old English term meaning 'one who works in metal', related to the word , the Old English form of smite, which also meant 'strike' (as in early 17th century Biblical English: the verb to smite = 'to hit'). The Old English word comes from the Proto-Germanic word . Smithy comes from the Old English word from the Proto-Germanic . The use of Smith as an occupational surname dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, when inherited surnames were still unknown: Ecceard Smith of County Durham, North East England, was recorded in 975.Citation: Simpson, 2007.

A popular misconception holds that at the beginning of the 20th century, when many new immigrants were entering the U.S., civil servants at Ellis Island responsible for cataloging the entry of such persons sometimes arbitrarily assigned new surnames if the immigrants' original surname was particularly lengthy, or difficult for the processor to spell or pronounce. While such claims may be exaggerated, many immigrants did choose to begin their American lives with more "American" names, particularly with Anglicised versions of their birth names; the German was often Anglicized to Smith not only during the world wars, but also commonly in times of peace, and the Polish equivalent was Anglicized to Smith as well.

Variations Variations of the surname Smith also remain very common. These include different spellings of the English name, and versions in other languages.

English variations There is some disagreement about the origins of the numerous variations of the name Smith. The addition of an e at the end of the name is sometimes considered an affectation, but may have arisen either as an attempt to spell smithy or as the Middle English adjectival form of smith,Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. which would have been used in surnames based on location rather than occupation (in other words, for someone living near or at the smithy).Citation: Lower, 1860.

Likewise, the replacement of the i with a y in Smyth or Smythe is also often considered an affectation but may have originally occurred because of the difficulty of reading blackletter text, where Smith might look like Snuth or Simth. However, Charles Bardsley wrote in 1901, "The y in Smyth is the almost invariable spelling in early rolls, so that it cannot exactly be styled a modern affectation."

Some variants (such as Smijth) were adopted by individuals for personal reasons, while others may have arisen independently or as offshoots from the Smith root. Names such as Smither and Smithers may in some cases be variants of Smith but in others independent surnames based on a meaning of light and active attributed to smyther. Additional derivatives include Smithman, Smithson and Smithfield (see below). Athersmith may derive from at the Smith.

Other variations focus on specialisms within the profession; for example Blacksmith, from those who worked predominantly with iron, Whitesmith, from those who worked with tin (and the more obvious Tinsmith), Brownsmith and Redsmith, from those who worked with copper (Coppersmith and Greensmith; copper is green when oxidised), Silversmith and Goldsmith – and those based on the goods produced, such as Hammersmith, Bladesmith, Naismith (nail-smith), Arrowsmith which in turn was shortened to Arsmith, or Shoesmith (referring to horseshoes). Sixsmith is a variant spelling of a sickle- or scythe-smith. Wildsmith in turn is a corruption of wheelsmith.

The patronymic practice of attaching son to the end of a name to indicate that the bearer is the child of the original holder has also led to the surnames Smithson and Smisson. Historically, "Smitty" has been a common nickname given to someone with the surname, Smith; in some instances, this usage has passed into "Smitty" being used as a surname itself.Elsdon Coles Smith, The Book of Smith (1979), p. 195, .

Other languages

Surnames relating to smiths and blacksmiths are found across the world. When relevant, transliterations are included in parentheses and italicised, and adaptations (i.e. anglicisations or gallicisations) in brackets. Additionally, brief etymologies are noted if a name used in a certain language derives from another language.

Germanic Language Surnames Afrikaans Smit, Smidt Danish Smed, Smidt (from German) Dutch Smit, Smits, Smid, Smidt Flemish De Smedt, Desmedt, De Smet, Desmet, Smets Frisian Smid German Kowalitz (from Slavic); Schmidt, Schmied, Schmiedel, Schmieden Alemannic: Schmid, Schmied, Schmed Bavarian: Schmid, Schmidl, Schmied, Schmitt, Schmitzer Franconian: Schmitt, Schmitz, Schmich Low German: Schmidt, Schmidtke, Schmick Limburgish Smeets Luxembourgish Schmit, Schmitz Yiddish שמידט (Schmidt), שמיט (Schmitt), שמיץ (Schmitz)

Romance Language Surnames Catalan Ferrer, Ferré, Farré, Fabra French Favre, Fabre, Favret Northern: Lefebvre, Lefèvre, Lefébure Western: Lefeuvre Galician Ferreiro, Ferreira Italian Ferraro Northern: Fabbro, Fabris, Ferrari, Ferrero Central: Fabbri Southern: Ferrara, Ferrera Norman Lefebvre, Lefèvre Anglo-Norman: Lefebvre [Feaver], Ferror [Farrar, Farrer, Ferrar, Farrow] Occitan Fabre, Fabré, Faure, Fauré, Dufaure Portuguese Ferreira, Ferreiro Romanian Feraru, Fieraru, Faur Spanish Herrero, Herrera, Ferrera, Ferrero

Celtic Language Surnames Breton ar Gov [Le Goff], ar Govig [Le Goffic] Cornish an Gov [Angove, Goff, Goffe]; [Trengove] Irish Mac Gabhann [McGowan, MacGowan, McGouran] Scottish Gaelic Gobha [Gow]; Mac a' Ghobhainn [McGowan, MacGowan, McGavin], common in Elgin, Moray, and Galloway Welsh Gof [Goff], common in East Anglia in England

Slavic Language Surnames Belarusian Кавалевіч (Kavalevich), Кавалёў (Kavalyow), Кавалёнак (Kavalyonak), Кавальчук (Kavalchuk), Кавалюк (Kavalyuk), Коваль (Koval) Bosnian Kovač, Kovačić, Kovačević; Demirdžić (from Ottoman Turkish) Bulgarian Ковачевски (Kovačevski), Ковачев (Kovachev), Ковачино (Kovachino) Croatian Kovač, Kovačić, Kovačević, Kovačev, Kovačec, Kovaček Czech Kovář, Kovařík; Šmíd (from German); Šmicer (from Bavarian) Kashubian Kowalski, Kowalewski Macedonian Ковачевски (Kovačevski), Ковачев (Kovačev) Polish Kowal, Kowalewicz, Kowalski, Kowalik, Kowalczyk, Kowalewski, Kuźniar, Kuźniarski; Szmidt (from German) Russian Ковалевич (Kovalevich), Ковалёв (Kovalyov), Ковальков (Kovalkov), Ковалевский (Kovalevskiy), Кузнецкий (Kuznetskiy), Кузнецов (Kuznetsov), Кузнецовский (Kuznetsovskiy), Кузнечевский (Kuznechevskiy), Кузнеченко (Kuznechenko), Кузнеченков (Kuznechenkov), Кузнечихин (Kuznechikhin); Шмидов (Shmidov) (from German or Yiddish) Rusyn Ковалькевич (Kovalkevich), Ковалёвич (Kovalyovich), Кузняк (Kuzniak) Serbian Ковачевић (Kovačević), Ковач (Kovač), Ковачев (Kovačev) Slovak Kováč, Kováčik, Kovačovič, Kovalík Slovene Kovač, Kovačič Ukrainian Ковалевич (Kovalevych), Коваленко (Kovalenko), Ковальчук (Kovalchuk), Коваль (Koval), Ковальков (Kovalkov), Ковалевський (Kovalevskyi), Ковалюк (Kovalyuk) Upper Sorbian Kowar, Kowarjec

Other European Language Surnames Albanian Nallbani Basque Arotza Estonian Sepp Finnish Seppä, Seppälä, Seppänen Greek Σιδεράς (Sideras) Hungarian Kovács (from Slavic), Koufax (corruption) Latvian Kalējs; Šmits (from German) Lithuanian Kalvaitis, Kavaliauskas; Kovalskis (from Slavic)

South Asian Language Surnames Bengali কর্মকার (Karmakar) Hindi लोहार (Lohar) Kannada ಕಮ್ಮಾರ (Kammara) Malayalam കമ്മാരൻ (Kammaaran) Nepali कामी (Kami) Oriya କମାର (Kamara) Punjabi ਲੁਹਾਰ (Lohar) Sanskrit अयस्काम (Ayaskama), कर्मार (Karmara), लोहकार (Lohakara), व्योकार (Vyokara) Tamil கம்மாளர் (Kammalar) Telugu కమ్మరి (Kammari)

Other Language Surnames Arabic حداد (Haddad) Azerbaijani Dəmirçi Aramaic Haddad Armenian Դարբինյան (Darbinyan, Tarpinyan, ), Գումուչեան (Gumuchian) Balinese Pande Bataknese Sitepu Chinese 铁 (Tie) Georgian მჭედლიძე (Mchedlidze), მჭედლიშვილი (Mchedlishvili) Hebrew חדד (Haddad) Japanese 鍛冶屋 (Kajiya) Kazakh Tömirshi Lingala Motuli Median Esmi Minahasa Marentek Persian زرگر (Zargar) Syriac ܚܕܕܐ (Hadodo, Hadad, Haddad) Tatar Tümerche Turkish Demirci Uyghur Tömürchi

See also List of people with surname Smith List of most common surnames in Europe Smith Family (disambiguation) Smith (given name) Smith (taxonomic authority) Smith and Jones (disambiguation) Psmith

References

Citations

Bibliography

The section heading referenced here reads "Smith, Smyth, Smythe", suggesting these to be the most common variants at the time (1901).

The URL here is to a reprint on the Irish Ancestors website. Tables of contents for back issues of Irish Roots Magazine are found at https://web.archive.org/web/20091217104309/http://irishroots.ie/Back%20Issues%20List.htm and there are two listings for the title here, one in 'Issue No. 26 (1998 Second quarter)', the other in 'Issue No. 48 (2003 Fourth quarter)'. It is not clear whether the latter is a simple reprint of the former or an update. The reprinted article notes 'From Irish Roots, (No. 28)'.

US Census Bureau (9 May 1995). s:1990 Census Name Files dist.all.last (1-100). Retrieved 25 February 2008.

Further reading

External links