Chanyu

Chanyu () or Shanyu (), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 AD.Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. ) The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Tujue leaders.

Etymology

According to the Book of Han, Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也.

L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that the title chanyu may be equivalent to the later attested title tarkhan, suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally , an approximation for .Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24–26, p.21 Bailey derives from Proto-Iranian "to speak, command", from Proto-Indo-European . He also compares a Saka title with the same semantic shift. Compare also Khotanese and Ossetian tærxon.

Linguist Alexander Vovin tentatively proposes a Yeniseian etymology for , in Old Chinese pronunciation , from four roots: "heaven",Georg, Stefan (2001): Türkisch/Mongolisch tengri "Himmel/Gott" und seine Herkunft. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6: 83–100.Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.] "son, child", "lower reaches of the Yenisei" or "north", and ~ "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North"."Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia, (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185"Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23–28, pp. 389–394.

Dybo derives from a Turkic root meaning "vast as the sky", and compares Old Uyghur and .Dybo 2014 The Old Uyghur listed in her work is not found in Wilkens (2021),Wilkens, page 678 and Caferoğlu (1968)Caferoğlu 1968, page 226 glosses as "to feel embarrassed, to get tired of, to worry". , meanwhile, is glossed by both as "to expel, to distance oneself from something; to destroy, to expunge".

List of Xiongnu chanyus TitleReconstructed Han period's late Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese pronunciationsSchuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words". Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica (53).Personal NameReignTouman ()220–209 BCModu Chanyu ()209–174 BCLaoshang Chanyu ()Jiyu (稽鬻)174–161 BCJunchen Chanyu ()161–126 BCYizhixie Chanyu ()126–114 BCWuwei Chanyu ()114–105 BCEr Chanyu ()Wushilu ()105–102/101 BCXulihu Chanyu () / Goulihu ()102/101–101/100 BCQiedihou (且鞮侯)101/100–96 BCHulugu Chanyu ()96–85 BCHuyandi Chanyu ()85–68 BCXulüquanqu Chanyu ()68–60 BCWoyanqudi Chanyu ()Tuqitang ()60–58 BCHuhanye Chanyu ()Jihoushan()58–31 BC Tuqi , 58–56 BC Hujie , 57 BC Juli , 57–56 BC Wuji , 57 BC Runzhen , 56–54 BC Zhizhi Chanyu , 55–36 BC Yilimu , 49 BCFuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu(/ )Diaotaomogao ()31–20 BCSouxie Chanyu()Jumixu()20–12 BCJuya Chanyu()Jumoju()12–8 BCWuzhuliu Chanyu ()Nangzhiyasi/Zhi R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, (囊知牙斯)8 BC – 13 ADWulei Chanyu ()Xian ()13–18 ADHuduershidaogao Chanyu ()Yu ()18–46 ADWudadihou ()46 AD

Notes

Northern Xiongnu Chinese nameReignPunu Chanyu ()46–? ADYouliu () ?–87 ADNorthern Chanyu ()88–? ADYuchujian ()91–93 ADFeng-hou ()94–118 AD

Southern Xiongnu NameNotesReignSutuhu/Bi ()Huhanxie the Second ()Xiluo Shizhu Ti ()Brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 5048–56/55 ADQiufu Youti/Mo()55/56–56/57 ADYifa Yulüti/Han()56/57–59 ADXitong Shizhu Houti/Shi()59–63 ADQiuchu Julinti/Su 63 ADHuxie Shizhu Houti/Chang()63–85 ADYitu Yulüti/Xuan()85–88 ADTuntuhe ShulanXiulan Shizhu Houti ()88–93 ADAnguo ()Started a large scale rebellion against the Han93–94 ADShizi ()Tingdu Shizhu Houti ()94–98 ADWanshishizhudi/Tan ()Opposed by Feng Shanyu98-124AD 98–118 ADWujihoushizhudi/Ba()124–127/128 ADXiuli ()Qute Ruoshi Zhujiu ()Committed suicide under Chinese pressure127/128–140/142?CheniuPopularly elected140–143 ADToulouchu ()Hulan Ruoshi Zhujiu()Appointed puppet at the Chinese court143–147 ADJucheer ()Yiling Ruoshi Zhujiu ()Puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD147–158 AD (d. 172 AD)Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu () (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD)158–178 ADHuzheng ()178–179 ADQiangqu()Jiangqu; killed in Xiuchuge Xiongnu rebellion179–188 ADYufuluo() Chizhi Shizhuhou ()Exiled puppet chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the Southern Xiongnu rebels led by the Xiuchuge and Xiluo clans. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang in Shanxi.188–195 ADMarquis of Xubu () (True name unknown)Installed by the Xiuchuge and rebel faction after they ousted Yufuluo. After his death, his followers abolished the chanyu title and replaced him with a nominal king, but Yufuluo continued to claim the chanyu title in exile.188–189 ADHuchuquan ()Yufuluo's brother, he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu. After Yufuluo died, After he was detained at Ye. In 216, the Chinese court formally abolished the chanyu office.195–216 AD

Da Chanyu Chinese nameDataPersonal NameReignLiu Yuan ()Founder of the Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen () note 208Yuanhai ()304–?Liu Cong ()Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu ()Xuanming ()310–?Liu Can ()Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin ()Shiguang ()?–?Liu Yin ()Han-Zhao state imperial princeYisun ()325–?Helian Bobo ()Founder of the Helian Xia state, a.k.a. Emperor Wulie ()Qujie ()407–?

Chanyu family trees

Chanyu

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