This is a list of plants found in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve. The reserve straddles the Mexican states of Colima and Jalisco. It is located in the transition between the Nearctic and Neotropical realms and encompasses parts of the Sierra Madre del Sur, with a wide range of altitudes, climates and soils. The effects of tectonic and volcanic activities and erosion are notable within the reserve.

Ecological characteristics

General characteristics Forest types in the reserve including mesophytic, cloud, dry deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical forests. Anthropologists know the region as Zona de Occidente, an area notably different from the rest of Mesoamerica. Some ceramic remnants, figurines and graves have been found, but there is little other material evidence of ancient human settlement. As of 1995 almost 8,000 people lived in the Sierra de Manantlán Reserve, engaged mainly in agriculture (corn, beans, tomatoes, sugar cane, watermelon, mangoes), livestock grazing, timber production, and extraction of wood for fuel and mining of coal or minerals. Another 30,000 lived in the surrounding communities and almost 700,000 in the surrounding region.

Location and geography The Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve is located to the extreme north of the inter-tropical zone. The climate in the region is influenced by its proximity to the coast, the effect of its landform (orographic shade) and the breadth of its altitudinal range. These characteristics explain the high biodiversity and the presence of numerous plant formations ranging from tropical forests to temperate-cold climates. Birds and mammals The Sierra de Manantlán's varied and complex plant cover harbours a great wealth of flora. There are over 2900 species of vascular plants belonging to 981 genera. Wildlife is one of the important components of the high biodiversity in this reserve. Among the main values of the Sierra de Manantlán, in addition to its great wealth of species and its unique biogeographical characteristics, particular mention should be made of the presence of endangered or useful endemic species. So far 110 mammal species have been reported, including the Mexican vole subspecies Microtus mexicanus neveriae, the pocket gopher Cratogeomys gymnurus russelli, the oncilla, jaguarandi, ocelot, puma, bobcat, jaguar and four species of nectarivorous bats.

There are 336 bird species which have been reported, among them are 36 which are endemic to Mexico, such as the charismatic species: crested guan (Penelope purpurascens), military macaw (Ara militaris), red-lored amazon (Amazona autumnalis) and the Mexican national symbol, the golden eagle. In terms of herpetofauna, 85 species have been recorded; of these 13 are endemic to the western and central region of Mexico: rattlesnake, black iguana, frog Shyrrhopus modestus, beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and the Autlan rattlesnake (Crotalus lannomi), an endemic species only reported for the area of Puerto de Los Mazos. Of the 16 species of fish identified, 13 are native and four are endemic to the region.

Most plants in the list below can be found in Flora de Manantlán, and that should be assumed as a reference when no other is indicated. References to other sources are included where found. The herbarium web pages at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and at the Missouri Botanical Garden are used as authorities for names with adjustments for the system in use by Wikipedia. Species include ecosystem, growth habit, and common names where available.

Cycads

Zamiaceae Zamia loddigesii:Vazquez, J. A., et al. (1995). Flora de Manantlán, BRIT Press. a shrub or

Coniferae Pines and their allies.

Cupressaceae

Cupressus Cupressus lusitanica:Jardel Peláez, Enrique J., Gerardo Vélica Zúñiga, Oscar E. Balcázar Medina, Ramón Cuevas Guzmán, Eduardo Santana Castellón, Luis Manuel Martínez Rivera (2013). "Determinación De La Subzonificacion De La Reserva De La Biosfera Sierra De Manantlan". Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales-IMECBIO, Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, En colaboración con Dirección de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlán, Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Autlán, Jalisco. February 2013 a tree or – found in pine forest and pine-fir forest – called Mexican white cedar, cedar-of-Goa, cypress, in Spanish , ,

Pinaceae

Abies Abies guatemalensis:Balcazar Medina, Oscar Enrique, 2011. "Patrones geoecologicos de indendios forestales en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlan". Tesis Universidad de Guadalajara tree Abies religiosa:Figueroa-Rangel, B. L., et al. (2008). "4200 Years of Pine‐dominated Upland Forest Dynamics in West‐central Mexico: Human or Natural Legacy." Ecology 89(7): 1893–1907 tree – cloud forest, pine-fir forest – sacred fir, ,

Pinus Pinus devoniana: tree Pinus gordoniana (syn. P. douglasiana):Cassell, B. A. (2012). Fire History of the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve in Western México, University of Washington.Cerano-Paredes, J, J. Villanueva-Díaz, R. Cervantes-Martínez, P. Fulé, L. Yocom, G. Esquivel-Arriaga, E. Jardel-Peláez 2015. Historia de incendios en un bosque de pino de la sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, México. BOSQUE 36(1): 41–52, 2015 DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002015000100005 tree – cloud forest, pine-oak forest, pine forest – Pinus durangensis: tree Pinus herrerae: tree – pine-oak forest, pine forest – Pinus leiophylla: tree Pinus maximinoi: tree – Pinus montezumae: tree Pinus oocarpa: tree – pine-oak forest, pine forest Pinus pseudostrobus: tree – pine forest, pine-fir forest – , ,

Podocarpaceae

Podocarpus Podocarpus matudae:Mill, R. (2015). A MONOGRAPHIC REVISION OF THE GENUS PODOCARPUS (PODOCARPACEAE): III. THE SPECIES OF THE CENTRAL AMERICA AND NORTHERN MEXICO BIOREGIONS. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 72(2), 243–341. doi:10.1017/S0960428615000050 tree

Monocotyledons or Liliopsida

Cyperaceae

Cyperus Cyperus hermaphroditus

Graminea or Poaceae

Festuca Festuca breviglumis

Liliaceae or Asparagaceae

Agave Agave maximiliana

Otatea Otatea acuminata – Otatea aztecorum

Piptochaetium Piptochaetium virescens

Zea Zea diploperennis –

Smilacaceae

Smilax Smilax domingensis

Typhaceae

Typha Typha domingensis

Magnoliopsida or Dicotyledons Flowering plants

Acanthaceae

Aphelandra Aphelandra lineariloba: shrub Aphelandra madrensis: shrub

Barleria Barleria micans: shrub

Dicliptera Dicliptera resupinata: herb

Dyschoriste Dyschoriste hirsutissima: herb – , Dyschoriste saltuensis: herb Dyschoriste rubiginosa or D. angustifolia: herb

Elytraria Elytraria imbricata: herb

Henrya Henrya insularis: herb Henrya tuberculosperma: herb

Justicia or Jacobinia Jacobinia mexicana: herb Justicia aurea: herb Justicia candicans: herb Justicia reflexiflora: herb Justicia salviiflora: herb Justicia spicigera: herb

Pseuderanthemum Pseuderanthemum praecox: herb Pseuderanthemum standleyi: herb

Ruellia Ruellia bourgaei: shrub Ruellia jaliscana: shrub Ruellia mcvaughii: shrub Ruellia novogaliciana: shrub Ruellia spissa: herb Ruellia stemonacanthoides: herb

Tetramerium Tetramerium glandulosum: herb Tetramerium nervosum: herb Tetramerium tenuissimum: herb

Ruellia or Blechum Blechum brownei: herb

Actinidiaceae

Saurauia Saurauia serrata: tree –

Aizoaceae or Molluginaceae Mollugo Mollugo verticillata

Trianthema Trianthema portulacastrum: herb

Amaranthaceae

Achyranthes Achyranthes aspera: herb –

Alternanthera Alternanthera achyrantha: herb

Amaranthus Amaranthus cruentus: herb Amaranthus dubius: herb – , , Amaranthus hybridus: herb – Amaranthus palmeri: herb – Amaranthus polygonoides: herb Amaranthus spinosus: herb –

Celosia Celosia orcutti: herb

Chamissoa Chamissoa altissima: herb –

Froelichia Froelichia interrupta: herb

Gomphrena Gomphrena decumbens: herb

Iresine Iresine angustifolia: herb – Iresine calea: herb Iresine cassiniiformis: herb Iresine diffusa: herb – Iresine hartmanii: herb Iresine interrupta: herb – Iresine nigra: herb –

Lagrezia Lagrezia monosperma: herb

Pleuropetalum Pleuropetalum sprucei: herb

Anacardiaceae

Amphipterygium Amphipterygium adstringens

Astronium Astronium graveolenss

Cyrtocarpa Cyrtocarpa procera

Pistacia Pistacia mexicana: tree –

Pseudosmodingium Pseudosmodingium perniciosum

Rhus Rhus pachyrrhachis Rhus schmidelioides Rhus terebinthifolia

Spondias Spondias purpurea: tree – ,

Toxicodendron Toxicodendron radicans: vine – Toxicodendron radicans var. divaricatum: vine –

Apiaceae

Eryngium Eryngium palmeri

Annonaceae

Annona Annona cherimola: tree – Annona longifolia: tree – Annona muricata: tree – , Annona purpurea: tree – , , , Annona reticulata: tree – , , Annona squamosa: tree – sugar apple

Apocynaceae or Asclepiadaceae

Asclepias Asclepias angustifolia: herb Asclepias auriculata: herb Asclepias contrayerba: herb Asclepias crocea: herb Asclepias curassavica: herb – , , Asclepias glaucescens: herb Asclepias mcvaughii: herb Asclepias ovata: herb – Asclepias pellucida: herb Asclepias pringlei: herb Asclepias sp. nov.: herb

Blepharodon Blepharodon mucronatum: vine

Cryptostegia Cryptostegia grandiflora: vine – rubber vine,

Cynanchum Cynanchum foetidum: vine Cynanchum jaliscanum: vine Cynanchum ligulatum: vine Cynanchum unifarium: vine Cynanchum sp. nov.: vine

Funastrum (Formerly Sarcostemma) Funastrum bilobum: vine Funastrum clausum: vine Funastrum elegans: vine Funastrum heterophyllum: vine Funastrum pannosum: vine

Gonolobus Gonolobus chloranthus: vine Gonolobus jaliscensis: vine Gonolobus macranthus: vine Gonolobus sp. nov. 1: vine Gonolobus sp. nov. 2: vine

Marsdenia Marsdenia astephanoides: vine Marsdenia lanata: vine Marsdenia mexicana: vine

Matelea Matelea aspera: vine Matelea balbisii: vine Matelea chrysantha: vine Matelea crenata: vine Matelea cyclophylla: vine Matelea dictyantha: vine Matelea pavonii: vine Matelea quirosii: vine Matelea sp.: vine Matelea sp. nov.: vine

Mellichampia Mellichampia sp.: vine

Metastelma Metastelma sp.: vine

Apocynaceae

Alstonia Alstonia longifolia: tree

Haplophyton Haplophyton cinereum: herb

Laubertia Laubertia contorta

Mandevilla Mandevilla andrieuxii: vine Mandevilla foliosa: vine Mandevilla subsagittata: vine Mandevilla syrinx: vine

Plumeria Plumeria obtusa: shrub – , Plumeria rubra: shrub – ,

Prestonia Prestonia mexicana: shrub

Rauvolfia Rauvolfia canescens: Rauvolfia tetraphylla: shrub

Stemmadenia Stemmadenia donnell-smithii: shrub – Stemmadenia tomentosa: shrub – , ,

Tabernaemontana Tabernaemontana alba: shrub

Thenardia Thenardia floribunda: tree

Thevetia Thevetia ovata: shrub

Vallesia Vallesia sp. nov.

Vinca Vinca major: perennial groundcover –

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex Ilex brandegeana: cloud forest Ilex tolucana: ivy

Araliaceae

Aralia Aralia humilis: tree –

Dendropanax Dendropanax arboreus: cloud forest

Oreopanax Oreopanax echinops: tree – Oreopanax peltatus: tree Oreopanax santanderianus: tree Oreopanax xalapensis: tree – cloud forest

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia Aristolochia buntingii: vine Aristolochia foetida: vine Aristolochia malacophylla: vine Aristolochia styloglossa: vine – Aristolochia taliscana: vine – , Aristolochia tequilana: vine –

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens Impatiens balsamina: herb –

Basellaceae

Anredera Anredera vesicaria: vine

Begoniaceae

Begonia Begonia balmisiana: herb – Begonia biserrata: herb Begonia calderonii: herb Begonia gracilis: annual herb Begonia heracleifolia: herb Begonia lachaoensis: herb Begonia monophylla: herb Begonia oaxacana: herb Begonia ornithophylla: herb Begonia plebeja: herb Begonia stigmosa: herb Begonia uruapensis: herb Begonia sp. 1: herb Begonia sp. 2: herb Begonia sp. 3: herb

Berberidaceae

Berberis Berberis incerta: shrub

Betulaceae

Alnus