The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a borough in London, England. Situated on the north bank of the River Thames and immediately east of the City of London, the borough spans the traditional East End of London and much of the regenerated London Docklands area, including Canary Wharf, one of the world's largest central business districts. The 2019 mid-year population for the borough is estimated at 324,745.

The borough was formed in 1965 by merger of the former metropolitan boroughs of Stepney, Poplar, and Bethnal Green. 'Tower Hamlets' was originally an alternative name for the historic Tower Division; the area of south-east Middlesex, focused on (but not limited to) the area of the modern borough, which owed military service to the Tower of London, is located in the borough, adjacent to its western boundary with the City of London. Historically, Tower Hamlets is well known for the Whitechapel serial killings attributed to Jack the Ripper, which drew intense crime studies. The events later helped to push the government to pass the Housing of the Working Classes Act and the Public Health (London) Act 1891 which later improved housing and urban living conditions. Werner (ed.), pp. 236–237

Canary Wharf, the borough's metropolitan centre, serves as one of the most important clusters of financial and banking services in the world and occupies some of the major global financial and legal corporations as well a complex of the UK Government. Queen Mary, University of London, Bow Creek Lighthouse, London's only surviving lighthouse, and part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park are also within Tower Hamlets.

Demographically, the borough has a large population of British Bangladeshis, forming the largest single ethnic group in the borough at 32%. The 2011 census showed that the borough had the highest proportion of Muslims of any English local authority and was the only location where Islam outnumbered Christianity. The borough has fifty mosques and many madrasahs, including the East London Mosque, the country's largest. Whitechapel restaurants, neighbouring street market and shops provide the largest range of Bangladeshi cuisine, woodwork, carpets and clothes in Europe.Garbin, David. "Bangladeshi diaspora in the UK: some observations on socio-cultural dynamics, religious trends and transnational politics" , Conference Human Rights and Bangladesh, School of African and Oriental Studies, June 2005, p. 1. Retrieved 16 August 2011.Tower Hamlets Council Corporate Research Unit, Religion in Tower Hamlets 2011 Census: Key Facts (Briefing 2013-03) Brick Lane is also a major centre of hipster subculture.

The local authority is Tower Hamlets London Borough Council. In 2017, a joint study by Trust for London and New Policy Institute found the borough to be the 2nd most deprived London borough based on an average calculated across a range of indicators; with high rates of child poverty, unemployment and pay inequality compared to other London boroughs. However, it has the lowest gap for educational outcomes at secondary level. Between 2014 and 2024, Tower Hamlets saw the completion of 71 skyscrapers, more than any other English council.

History

The earliest reference to the name "Tower Hamlets" was in 1554, when the Council of the Tower of London ordered a muster of "men of the hamlets which owe their service to the tower". This covered a wider area than the present-day borough, and its military relationship with the Tower is thought to have been several centuries earlier than the 1554 record.Power, M. J. (1965). "The origin and early use of the name 'Tower Hamlets'". East London Papers. 8: 67–80.

In 1605, the Lieutenant of the Tower was given the right to muster the militia and the area east of the tower came to be a distinct military unit, officially called Tower Hamlets (or the Tower Division). The Hamlets of the Tower paid taxes for the militia in 1646.1648 Ordinance for Militia within the Hamblets of the Tower of London British History Online

The borough is closely associated with the Whitechapel murders a series of brutal serial killings by Jack the Ripper. These events drew intense crime research public attention, which ultimately contributed to the instruction of the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890 and the Public Health Amendment Act 1890, that ultimately renewed efforts by the government to address and reform deteriorated urban conditions in the East End.Cook, pp. 139–141; Werner (ed.), pp. 236–237 Hundreds of books and articles discuss the Whitechapel murders, and they feature in novels, short stories, comic books, television shows, and films of multiple genres. On 24 September 1888, George Bernard Shaw commented sarcastically on the media's sudden concern with social justice in a letter to The Star newspaper.Ryder, Stephen P. (editor) (2006), Public Reactions to Jack the Ripper: Letters to the Editor August – December 1888, Chestertown, MD: Inklings Press, ; Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 1–2; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 144–145

The Trinity Buoy Wharf in Leamouth contains London's only surviving lighthouse. Built between 1864 and 1866 by Sir James Nicholas Douglass, the historic structure functioned as an experimental laboratory for maritime lighting. Today, the regenerated wharf serves as a thriving cultural hub for artists and creative organisations.Yahoo News, The underrated East London area home to a container village and the city's only lighthouse https://uk.news.yahoo.com/underrated-east-london-area-home-103000721.html 2024, September 06

The population of Tower Hamlets grew enormously in the 19th century, leading to extreme overcrowding and a concentration of poor people and immigrants throughout the area. These problems were exacerbated by the construction of St Katharine Docks (1827) and the central London railway termini (1840–1875) with many displaced people moving into the area following the clearance of former slums and rookeries. Over the course of a century, the East End became synonymous with poverty, overcrowding, disease and criminality.The East End Alan Palmer, (John Murray, London 1989)

The area was once characterised by rural settlements clustered around the City walls or along the main roads, surrounded by farmland, with marshes and small communities by the river, serving the needs of shipping and the Royal Navy. Until the arrival of formal docks, shipping was required to land goods in the Pool of London, but industries related to construction, repair, and victualling of ships flourished in the area from Tudor times. The area attracted large numbers of rural people looking for employment. Successive waves of foreign immigration began with Huguenot refugees creating a new extramural suburb in Spitalfields in the 17th century.Bethnal Green: Settlement and Building to 1836, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 91–5 Date accessed: 17 April 2007 They were followed by Irish weavers,Irish in Britain John A. Jackson, pp. 137–139, 150 (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964) Ashkenazi JewsThe Jews, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1: Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, The Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes to 1870, Private Education from Sixteenth Century (1969), pp. 149–51 Date accessed: 17 April 2007 and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis.The Spatial Form of Bangladeshi Community in London's East End Iza Aftab (UCL) (particularly background of Bangladeshi immigration to the East End). Date accessed: 17 April 2007

Many of these immigrants worked in the clothing industry. The abundance of semi- and unskilled labour led to low wages and poor conditions throughout the East End. This brought the attentions of social reformers during the mid-18th century and led to the formation of unions and workers associations at the end of the century. The radicalism of the East End contributed to the formation of the Labour Party and demands for the enfranchisement of women.

Official attempts to address the overcrowded housing began at the beginning of the 20th century under the London County Council. Aerial bombing in World War II devastated much of the East End, with its docks, railways and industry forming a continual target. In the separate boroughs making up today's Tower Hamlets a total of 2,221 civilians were killed and 7,472 were injured, with 46,482 houses destroyed and 47,574 damaged.The East End at War Rosemary Taylor and Christopher Lloyd (Sutton Publishing, 2007) This led to some dispersal of the population to outlying suburbs. New housing was built in the 1950s for those that remained.

The closure of the last of the East End docks in the Port of London in 1980 created further challenges and led to attempts at regeneration and the formation of the London Docklands Development Corporation. The Canary Wharf development, improved infrastructure, and the Queen Elizabeth Olympic ParkOlympic Park: Legacy (London 2012) accessed 20 September 2007 mean that the East End is undergoing further change, but some of its districts continue to see some of the worst poverty in Britain.Chris Hammett Unequal City: London in the Global Arena (2003) Routledge;

Administrative history The area of the modern borough had historically been part of the hundred of Ossulstone in county of Middlesex. Ossulstone was subsequently divided into four divisions, one of which was the Tower Division, also known as the Tower Hamlets, which covered a larger area than the modern borough, also including parts of Hackney. From at least the 17th century the Tower Division was a liberty with judicial and administrative independence from the rest of the county. The liberty appears to have arisen from much older obligations on inhabitants of the area to provide military service to the Constable of the Tower of London.

From 1856 the area was governed by the Metropolitan Board of Works, which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London.Metropolis Management Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 120) In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London. From 1856 until 1900 the lower tier of local government within the metropolis comprised various parish vestries and district boards. In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs, including the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green, the Metropolitan Borough of Poplar and the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney.London Government Act 1899 (62 & 63 Vict. c. 14)

The modern borough was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963. It was a merger of the old boroughs of Bethnal Green, Poplar and Stepney, and was named Tower Hamlets after the historic liberty.

Geography

Tower Hamlets is in East London, north of the River Thames. The City of London lies to the west, the London Borough of Hackney to the north, while the River Lea forms the boundary with the London Borough of Newham to the east. The River Lea also forms the boundary between the historic counties of Middlesex and Essex. The borough's Thames frontage extends from the Tower Dock inlet, immediately west of the Tower of London, through several miles of former docklands, including the Isle of Dogs peninsula, to the confluence of the Thames and Lea at Blackwall. Areas along the Thames and Lea flood plains were historically frequently flooded, but the Thames Barrier, further east, has reduced that risk.

Regent's Canal enters the borough from Hackney to meet the River Thames at Limehouse Basin. A stretch of the Hertford Union Canal leads from the Regent's canal, at a basin in the north of Mile End, to join the River Lea at Old Ford. A further canal, Limehouse Cut, London's oldest, leads from locks at Bromley-by-Bow to Limehouse Basin. Most of the canal tow-paths are open to both pedestrians and cyclists.