A historical sovereign state is a state that once existed, but has since been dissolved due to conflict, war, rebellion, annexation, or uprising. This page lists sovereign states, countries, nations, or empires that ceased to exist as political entities sometime after 1453, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.
Criteria for inclusion The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to that of the list of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood and either: had de facto control over a territory, a population, a government, a capacity to enter into relations with other states, or have been recognised as a state by at least one other state.
This is not a list for all variant governments of a state, nor is it a list of variations of countries' official long form name. For purposes of this list, the cutoff between medieval and early modern states is the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Ancient and medieval states List of Copper Age states List of Bronze Age states List of Iron Age states List of Classical Age states List of states during Late Antiquity List of states during the Middle Ages
Modern states and territories by geography Africa
Morocco (Maghreb al-Aqsa) Marinid Sultanate (1244–1465) Principality of Marrakesh (1359–1526) Azemmour (–1486/1513) Anfa (–1468) Principality of Debdou (1430–1563) Sharifian Republic (1465–1471) Wattasid Sultanate (1472–1549) Saadi Sultanate (1510–1649) Naqsid Principality of Tétouan (1597–1673) Kingdom of Tazeroualt () Republic of Salé (1627–1668) Zawiya Dila'iya (1637–1668) Sharifian Sultanate (1666–1912) Zaian Confederation (1914–1921) Republic of the Rif (1921–1926)
Egypt, Sudan and Libya Makuria (–1518) Alodia (–1504) Kingdom of al-Abwab () Emirate of Banu Talis (1228–1551) Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) Shilluk Kingdom (–1861) Tunjur Kingdom () Kingdom of Fazughli (–1685) Sultanate of Sennar (1504–1821) Egypt Eyalet (1517–1867) Fezzan Sultanate (1550–1812) Sultanate of Darfur (1603–1874/1898–1916) Taqali (1750–1969) Sanusi Order (1837–1932) Mahdist State (1885–1899) Tripolitanian Republic (1918–1922) Sultanate of Mit Ghamr (1919) Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953) Emirate of Cyrenaica (1949–1951) United Arab Republic (1958–1971) Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977) Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) Emirate of Imbaba (1989–1992)
Algeria and Tunisia (Central Maghreb) Mozabite Pentapolis (1012–1882) Dhouaouda (1179–1541) Hafsid Sultanate (1229–1574) Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1556) Hafsid Emirate of Béjaïa (1285–1510) Sultanate of Tuggurt (1414–1871) Kingdom of Beni Abbas (1510–1871) Kingdom of Kuku (1515–1638) Regency of Algiers (1516–1830) Beylik of Constantine (1528–1837) (1705–1881) Kel Ahaggar (1750–1977) Emirate of Mascara (1832–1847)
Comoro Islands Sultanate of Badgini (–1886) Sultanate of Bambao (–1886) Sultanate of Itsandra (–1886) Sultanate of Ndzuwani (–1912) Sultanate of Mwali (–1912) State of the Comoros (1976–1978) State of Mohéli (1997–1998) State of Anjouan (1997–2002, 2007–2008)
Madagascar Kingdom of Imerina (1540–1897) Sakalava empire (c. 1600–1902) Kingdom of Antankarana (–1843/1895) Kingdom of Menabe (–1834) Kingdom of Boina (–1840) Kingdom of Tamatave (1712–1828) Kingdom of Antongil (1773–1786) Kingdom of Tanibe (1822–1828)
Horn of Africa Sultanate of Mogadishu () Hadiya Sultanate () Ajuran Sultanate (y) Welayta Kingdom (–1896) Ethiopian Empire (1270–1974) Ennarea () Kingdom of Kaffa (–1897) Kingdom of Janjero (–1894) Majeerteen Sultanate ((–1927) Adal Sultanate (1415–1559) Imamate of Aussa (1577–1734) Warsangali Sultanate (1613–1920) Emirate of Harar (1647–1887) Sultanate of the Geledi (1695–1911) Aussa Sultanate (1734–1936) Isaaq Sultanate (1750–1884) Habr Yunis Sultanate (–1907) Kingdom of Gumma (–1902) Kingdom of Gomma (–1886) Kingdom of Jimma (1790–1932) Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (1801–1891) Kingdom of Gera (1835–1887) Sultanate of Hobyo (1878–1927) Dervish State (1899–1920) Western Galla Confederation (1936) Puntland (1998–2004) Jubaland (1998–2001) Islamic Courts Union (2006) Maakhir (2007–2009) Republic of Azania (2011–2013) North East State (2023–2025) South West State (2026)
Western Africa Kingdom of Nri (–1911) Mossi States (–1897) Bilanga (–1897) Con (–1896) Macakoali (–1897) Piela (–1897) Tenkodogo (–1897) Bilayanga (1182–1897) Wogodogo (–1897) Nungu (1204–1895) Yatenga (–1895) Bongandini (–1897) Gwiriko Kingdom (1714–1897) Liptako (1718–1897, fully disestablished 1963) Gurunsi (–1899) Bonoman () Kingdom of Benin (1180–1897) Mali Empire (–1672) Kingdom of Dagbon () Mankessim Kingdom (1252–1844) Kingdom of Waalo (1287–1855) Oyo Empire (–1896) Songhai Empire (–1591) Jolof Empire (1350–1549) Bornu Empire (–1893) Sultanate of Agadez (1449–1900) Kingdom of Gyaman (–1895) Kingdom of Baguirmi (1480/1522–1897) Empire of Great Fulo (1490–1776) Kingdom of Saloum (1494–1864, fully disestablished 1969) Denkyira (–1701) Fante Confederacy (–1873) Kwararafa Confederacy () Wadai Empire (1501–1912) Kingdom of Sine (–1867, fully disestablished 1969) Kaabu Empire (1537–1867) Kingdom of Cayor (1549–1879) Kingdom of Jolof (1549–1875) Kingdom of Baol (1555–1895) Kingdom of Whydah (–1727) Emirate of Tagant (1581–1905) Pashalik of Timbuktu (1591–1833) Emirate of Brakna (–1904) Khasso () Solimana (–1869) Kingdom of Dahomey (–1904) Emirate of Trarza (1640–1902) Asante Empire (1670/1701–1902, still exists as a region) Aro Confederacy (1690–1902) Bundu (1690–1858) Kong Empire (1710–1898) Ségou Empire (1712–1861) Imamate of Futa Jallon (1725–1912) Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1851) Imamate of Futa Toro (1776–1859) Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903) Caliphate of Hamdullahi (1818–1867) Republic of Maryland (1854–1857) Zabarma Emirate (1860–1897) Toucouleur Empire (1861–1890) Wassoulou Empire (1878–1898) Republic of Dahomey (1958–1975) Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984) Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961–1975) Union of African States (1961–1963) Niger Delta Republic (1966) Biafra (1967–1970) Republic of Benin (1967) People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990) Democratic Republic of Bakassi (2006) Republic of Toumoujagha (2007) Independent State of Azawad (2012–2013)
African Great Lakes Kingdom of Busoga (?–1906, still exists as traditional kingdom) Kingdom of Rwanda (11th century–1885, fully disestablished 1962) Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (13th century–1897, still exists as traditional kingdom) Kingdom of Buganda (14th century–1894, still exists as traditional kingdom) Kingdom of Karagwe (1450–1963) Kingdom of Ankole (1478–1901, fully disestablished 1967) Kingdom of Burundi (1680–1890/1962–1966) Tooro Kingdom (1830–1876, still exists as traditional kingdom) Kingdom of Rwenzururu (1962–1982) Republic of Martyazo (1972)
Eastern Africa Malindi Kingdom (9th century–15th century) Kilwa Sultanate (957–1513) Pate Sultanate (1203–1870) Kingdom of Maravi (–1891) Mombasa Sultanate (1502–1887, fully disestablished 1963) Sultanate of Zanzibar (pre–1503/4, 1856–1890, 1963–1964) Witu Sultanate (–1905/1923) Sultanate of M'Simbati (1959) Republic of Tanganyika (1961–1964) People's Republic of Zanzibar (1964)
Central Africa Anziku Kingdom (?–19th century) Kingdom of Kongo (1390–1914) Kingdom of Kakongo (pre-13th century–1885) Kingdom of Ndongo (16th century–1671) Kingdom of Loango () Kingdom of Luba (1585–1889) Yaka Kingdom (17th century–18th century) Kingdom of Lunda (–1887) Kasanje Kingdom (1620–1910) Kuba Kingdom (1625–1884) Kingdom of Matamba (1631–1744) Mbunda Kingdom (1700–1914) Kazembe Kingdom (c. 1740–1894) Chokwe Kingdom (19th century–1930) Yeke Kingdom (1856–1891) International Association of the Congo (1879–1885) Sultanate of Utetera (1860–1894) Congo Free State (1885–1908) State of Katanga (1960–1963) South Kasai (1960–1962) People's Republic of the Congo (1964–1966) Maquis of Fizi (1967–1986) People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1992) Republic of Zaire (1971–1997) Republic of Cabinda (1975–1976, 1999) Central African Empire (1976–1979) Republic of Logone (2015–2021)
Southern Africa Kingdom of Mutapa (1430–1760) Kingdom of Butua (1450) Lozi Kingdom (17th century, 1864–1899) Rozvi Empire (1660–1889) Kingdom of Gciriku (1780–1894) Mthethwa Empire (–1817) Graaff-Reinet (1795–1796) Swellendam (1795) Griqualand West (1813) Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897) Kingdom of Mthwakazi (1823–1894) Gaza Empire (1824–1895) Potchefstroom Republic (1830–1838) Winburg Republic (1836–1838) Ndebele Kingdom (1837–1840) Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom (1838) Natalia Republic (1839–1843) Andries-Ohringstad Republic (1845–1849) Republic of Zoutpansberg (1849–1864) South African Republic (Transvaal) [1852–1877, 1881–1902] Orange Free State (1854–1902) Utrecht Republic (1854–1858) Lydenburg Republic (1856–1860) Griqualand East (1862–1874) Klipdrift Republic (1870–1871) Free Republic of Rehoboth (1872–1990) State of Goshen (1882–1883) Republic of Stellaland (1882–1885) United States of Stellaland (1883–1885) Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) Republic of Upingtonia (1885–1887) Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891) Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Republic of South Africa (1961–1984) (1965–1979) (1979) Transkei (1976–1994) Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) Venda (1979–1994) Ciskei (1981–1994)
Asia Central Asia (Including East Turkestan) Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680) Moghulistan (1347–1462) Uzbek Khanate (1428–1471) Nogai Horde (1440–1634) Kazakh Khanate (1465–1848) Khanate of Bukhara (1506–1785) Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920) Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705) Dzungar Khanate (1634–1755) Khanate of Kokand (1709–1868) Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1873) Bukey Horde (1801–1849) Kashgar Emirate (1864–1877) Xinjiang clique (1911–1944) Alash Autonomy (1917–1918) Turkestan Autonomy (1917–1918) Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925) Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925) (1933–1934) (1944–1949)
East Asia In China: Great Ming (1368–1644) Great Xi (1643–1647) Southern Ming (1644–1662) Great Shun (1644–1646) Great Qing (1644–1912) Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864) Tianjin Provisional Government (1900–1902) Great Han Sichuan Military Government (1911–1912) Beiyang Government (1912–1928) Republic of China (based on mainland China 1912–1949; continued existence on Taiwan since 1949) Empire of China (1915–1916) Constitutional Protection junta (1917–1921) Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian (1918–1920) Guangzhou Commune (1927) Hunan Soviet (1927) Hailufeng Soviet (1927) Shanghai Commune (1927) Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949) Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934) Hunan–Hubei–Jiangxi Soviet (1931–1935) Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937) People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934) East Hebei Autonomous Government (1935–1938) Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic (1935–1936) Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Geledesha (1935–1936) Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940) Reformed Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940) Shanghai Great Way Government (1937–1938) Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (1940–1945) In Tibet: Kingdom of Bumthang (7th century – 17th century) Tibetan states (1300–1620) (1637–1717) Tibet under Ganden Phodrang government (1644–1720) Tibet (1912–1951) Tibetan People's Republic (1936) In Manchuria: Jaxa (1665–1674) Harbin Soviet (1917) Korean People's Association in Manchuria (1929–1931) Manchukuo (1932–1945) In Outer Mongolia: Northern Yuan (1368–1635) Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924) Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992) In Inner Mongolia: Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (1939–1945) South Chahar Autonomous Government (1937–1939)