Branko Ćopić (, ; 1 January 1915 – 26 March 1984) was a Yugoslav and Serbian writer. He wrote poetry, short stories, and novels, and became famous for his stories for children and young adults, often set during World War II in revolutionary Yugoslavia, written with characteristic humor in the form of ridicule, satire, and irony.
As a professional writer, Ćopić was very popular and was able to sell large numbers of copies. This allowed him to live solely from his writings, which was rare for novelists in Yugoslavia at the time. However, the quality of his writings brought him inclusion into primary school curricula, which meant that some of his stories found their way into textbooks, and some novels became compulsory reading.
In the early 1950s, he also wrote satirical stories, criticizing social and political anomalies and personalities from the country's political life of the time, for which he was considered a dissident and "heretic", and had to explain himself to the party hierarchy.
Biography Ćopić was born into a Bosnian Serb family on 1 January 1915 in the village of Hašani, near Bosanska Krupa in the Bosanska Krajina region of western Bosnia. He attended the junior gymnasium in Bihać, and teacher's colleges in Banja Luka, Sarajevo, and Karlovac before moving to Belgrade to study at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy until his graduation in 1940. He admitted that after arriving in Belgrade in 1936, he was "afraid of the big city" and was especially concerned he might get lost.
During the uprising in Bosanska Krajina in 1941, he joined the Partisans and remained in their ranks until the end of World War II. He was his detachment's political commissar, war correspondent for the Borba newspaper, and a cultural proletarian. That period of his life influenced much of his literary work, as can be seen by the themes he later wrote about. He received the Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941. At the end of the war he returned to Belgrade where he worked as an editor for several magazines until 1949, including the children's magazine Pionir ("Pioneer"). On 16 December 1965 he became an associate member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and was elected to full membership 7 March 1968, and a member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Many of his novels and stories were included in primary school curricula and textbooks. His works have been translated into more than thirty languages, including English, German, French, Russian, Albanian, Czech, Dutch, Italian, Macedonian, Chinese, Polish, Romanian, Turkish, Slovak, and Slovene, and some of them have been turned into TV series. He was featured on the 0.50 Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark bill, which has been withdrawn from circulation and replaced with coins.
Ćopić's biographer and close friend was , a fellow Bosnian-Herzegovinian journalist and writer, who lived and worked in Zagreb, and was also biographer and sole beneficiary of Miroslav Krleža will regarding his entire opus, including significant portion of copyrights. Čengić has written three books (in several volumes) on Ćopić, namely Branko Ćopić i njegovi junaci u slici i prilici (), Ćopićev humor i zbilja (1 i 2) ( 1 and 2), Ćopić kroz svjetla i pomrčine (), one publication Šesdeset godina života i šest miliona knjiga Branka Ćopića: prigodna publikacija (), while his daughter published one more from an unpublished manuscript, titled Branko Ćopić: Treba sanjati (), after her father died.
Literary career From at least 1951 until his death Branko Ćopić was a professional writer who lived solely of his writings as, due to his popularity, his books sold millions of copies, both in Yugoslavia and abroad.
His first published short story was Smrtno ruvo Soje Čubrilove ("Death robe of Soja Čubrilova"), printed in 1936 in the Belgrade daily Politika. Politika's editor, Žika Milićević, was known for his strictness and he initially rejected many of Ćopić's stories, but he persisted and Milićević eventually printed them in the newspapers. Milićević promised to publish two of his stories each month, if they are good. Before 1941 and the outbreak of World War II in Yugoslavia, Politika published 125 of his stories. Ćopić considered this collaboration with Politika as a "great stimulus" and the "beginning of the serious literary affirmation".
His first short stories collection Ćopić published in 1938, and continued to write throughout the war. He dedicated the first two published collection, entitled Pod Grmečom (, 1938) and Borci i bjegunci (, 1939), to his homeland Bosnia and Herzegovina. These collection of short stories proved his gift for storytelling and were followed by others, including Planinci (, 1940). In 1939 he was recipient of Milan Rakić Award, with 1,000 dinars money prize, which led him to proclaim "I was richer than the emperor". He was editor of the Pionir () magazine from 1944 to 1949 and also a member of the editorial board of Savremenik ().
Regional mark of his prose can be recognized in the characters, locations, themes, and language of his home region, Bosnian Krajina. His pre-war prose was predominantly lyrical (collections like Rosa na bajonetima (, 1946), Sveti magarac i druge priče (), Surova škola (, 1948) but after the war, he subordinated the lyrical to the ideological and socially engaged. His short stories were often described as the "stories of a dreamer boy".
He published collections of poems Ognjeno rađanje domovine (, 1944) and Ratnikovo proljeće (, 1947). Other short story collections Ljubav i smrt (, 1953). Ćopić enriched the war short stories with humor and comical elements while in the novels Prolom (, 1952) and Gluvi barut (, 1957), he gave a broad prose fresco of the first war years in Bosnian Krajina. The turning point in his post-war development was Doživljaji Nikoletine Bursaća (). Novels Ne tuguj, bronzana stražo (, 1958) and Osma ofanziva (, 1966) deal with the state organized colonization of the Krajina's population into the province of Vojvodina.
The collection Bašta sljezove boje (, 1970) opens with a letter which Ćopić wrote to his late friend Zija Dizdarević (1916–42). In it, Ćopić sets the frame of the writing as a salvation from death and dark visions of the horsemen of the apocalypse. He perceives the world from the off-perspective of the good "fools", but despite the quixotic fervor and humor, the sense of sorrow, anxiety, disappointment, and anti-utopian situations breaks through. In the follow-up, Dani crvenog sljeza (), it all evolves into the collapse of the social ideals as expensively paid illusions.
He was also writing children's poetry and prose. Best known works include Priče partizanke (), Nasmejana sveska (), U carstvu leptirova i medveda (), Vratolomne priče (), Ježeva kućica (), Doživljaji mačka Toše (), Orlovi rano lete ("Eagles Fly Early"; 1957).
Social criticism In the early 1950s, he also wrote satirical stories, criticizing anomalies and personalities from the country's political life of the time, corrupted by the materialism of the "comrades", blossomed bureaucracy and sycophancy, which he despised, and for which he was considered a dissident and "heretic" who had to explain himself to the party ranks.
Using humor and satire, Ćopić targeted what he perceived to be social ills of the fledgling Yugoslav communist society. In 1950, he published Jeretička priča (), mocking the new phenomena he observed around him such as state-owned company managers, Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) generals, government ministers, as well as their families and in-laws, misusing publicly funded resources including specific instances of government-provided luxury cars being used by individuals from the above groups in order to be chauffeured to university lectures at faculties they recently enrolled in. In the story, state funds were also used by high state dignitaries to travel to expensive sea resorts, with a complete lack of willingness to throw away the benefits and privileges they obtained after the war. He was immediately attacked by his war compatriot Skender Kulenović in the next edition of the literary magazine Književne novine.
This was enough for the state security agency UDBA to open a file on him. Ćopić's harsh words against the political elite were conveyed to the secret police by one of his friends, who unbeknownst to Ćopić, was an UDBA agent with the code name Remington, after the typewriter. Ćopić's file was placed together with those of other authors, who at the time were being scrutinized by the state for similar reasons: Mira Alečković, Desanka Maksimović, Sava Nikolić, , and Zuko Džumhur. Ćopić then published another critical work, Ko s đavolom priče piše (). He was reprimanded by the Yugoslav Communist Party (KPJ), while the country's leader Josip Broz Tito publicly criticized the writer in 1950: "He [Ćopić] presented our entire society, top to bottom, as a negative one, thus advocating its termination. Such satire we will not allow and we won't let this go without an answer. He deserves a public response and to say, once for all, that we will not allow enemy satire that works towards breaking our unity. It is up to him personally to own up to his mistakes and to follow the road of our other socialist writers".
At one of the meetings of the Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia (AFŽ), Tito angrily said of Ćopić: "He lies! He is not telling the truth!". Ćopić's mother Stoja, who attended the meeting, said to Tito "My Branko never lies". After continuous attacks from Tito personally, Ćopić hanged on his door a page from newspapers where Tito stated that he will not arrest him.
Ćopić was later accused of being an adherent of Milovan Đilas. In the autumn of 1953, defending himself from the "new class" (as Đilas labeled the Communist nouveau riche), in a letter to Veljko Vlahović, Ćopić wrote: "A massive number of sycophants, slimes, and invertebrates who are milling around the party, occupying all positions and imposing themselves like horse flies. This is especially visible among public and cultural figures, among those who should be the conscience of the people and engineers of the souls". In the late 1954, Ćopić's statement at the University of Belgrade Civil Engineering Faculty's forum that things still didn't change since he published Heretic Story, was followed by the publishing of the obvious police-informant's pamphlet in the student's magazine Student which declared Ćopić an enemy of the socialism. The irony was that Đilas himself was one of the leaders of the public "show trial" against Ćopić few years before.
Because of the story Izbor druga Sokrata (), published in the NIN magazine, and the novel Gluvi barut () printed in 1957, he was denounced again. Defending himself in front of the party commission, he stated: "I showed some of our people who were a bit dehumanized under the harsh conditions of the [war] battles, living in belief that they do what's best for the revolution." Though he said he will "fight to stay in the party, cause its nice to be there", he was expelled from it. He opposed the writing of the foreign and right-wing press, which used his criticism of the new system in Silent Gunpowder. Especially affirmative analyses of anti-Communism and leftist errors in Silent Gunpowder were published in West Germany's press. In 1966, Živojin Pavlović wanted to film a movie Silent Gunpowder, but the production house, Avala Film, backed off, because of the "politically unacceptable ideas in the script which depicts leftist errors". The film, to a great success, was made only in 1990, by Bato Čengić.