The 1914 Ottoman census was published as the Memalik-i-Osmaniyyenin 1330 Senesi Nütus Istatistiki. According to the introduction, the statistics were derived from data collected during the 1905–06 Ottoman census, adjusted to reflect demographic and territorial changes.

The 1914 census data reflected major changes in the territorial boundaries and administrative divisions of the Ottoman state. The 1914 Ottoman general election provided a significant source of population data. The Empire's total population in the census was recorded as 18,520,015. The grand total for 1914 showed a "net gain" of 1,131,454 people from the 1905-06 Ottoman census survey. The data reflected the loss of territory and population in Europe due to the Balkan Wars, as the total net gain within the Ottoman state’s population was 3,496,068.

The census underestimated non-Muslim populations. For example, in Diyarbekir, the Armenian population was reported at 73,226 in the 1914 Ottoman census, but in September 1915, Reshid Bey announced that he had deported 120,000 Armenians from the province.

Census data Vilayet Muslims Greek Orthodox Armenian Orthodox Jews Greek Catholics Armenian Catholics Protestants Latins Syriacs Chaldeans Jacobites Maronites Samarians Nestorians Yazidis Gypsies Druze Cossacks Serbs Wallachians Total BalkansÇatalca1 20,048 36,797 1,326 1,480 - - - ? 59,756Edirne 360,417 224,459 25,725 22,515 21 48 115 ? 631,094 Constantinople 560,434 205,375 134,962 52,126 387 9,918 1,213 2,905 ? 909,978 AnatoliaAdana 341,903 8,537 50,139 66 437 2,511 5,036 ? 411,023Ankara 877,285 20,226 44,507 1,026 14 7,069 2,381 ? 953,817Antalya1 235,762 12,385 630 250 - - - ? 249,686Aydın 1,249,067 299,096 19,395 35,041 1 892 479 ? 1,608,742Bitlis 309,999 - 114,704 - - 2,788 1,640 ? 437,479 Bolu1 399,281 5,146 2,961 20 5 9 2 ? 408,648Canik1 265,950 98,739 27,058 27 - 261 1,257 ? 393,302Diyarbekir 492,101 1,822 55,890 2,085 113 9,960 7,376 ? 619,825Erzurum 673,297 4,859 125,657 10 5 8,720 2,241 ? 815,432 Eskişehir1 140,578 2,613 8,276 728 - 316 215 ? 152,726İçil1 102,034 2,500 341 10 7 - - ? 105,194İzmit1 226,859 40,048 55,403 428 - 449 1,937 ? 325,153Kale-i Sultaniye1 149,903 8,541 2,474 3,642 9 - 67 ? 165,815Karahisar-i Sahip1 277,659 632 7,437 7 - 2 9 ? 285,820Karesi1 359,804 97,497 8,544 362 - 109 51 ? 472,970Kastamonu 737,302 20,958 8,959 8 - - - ? 767,227Kayseri1 184,292 26,590 48,659 - - 1,515 2,018 ? 263,074Konya 750,712 25,071 12,971 4 79 - 254 ? 789,308Kütahya1 303,348 8,755 3,910 - - 638 - ? 316,894Mamuret-ül-Aziz 446,379 971 76,070 - - 3,751 8,043 ? 538,227Maraş1 152,645 11 27,842 251 23 4,480 6,111 ? 192,555Menteşe1 188,916 19,923 12 1,615 - - - ? 210,874Niğde1 227,100 58,312 4,890 - - 45 769 ? 291,117Sivas 939,735 75,324 143,406 344 - 3,693 4,575 ? 1,169,443Trabzon 921,128 161,574 37,549 8 - 1,350 1,338 ? 1,122,947Urfa1 149,384 2 15,161 - 865 1,557 1,652 ? 170,988Van Vilayet 179,380 1 67,792 1,383 - - - ? 259,141 LevantBeyrut 648,314 87,244 1,188 15,052 24,210 277 3,823 ? 824,873Halep 576,320 13,772 35,104 12,193 8,182 5,739 8,643 ? 667,790Kudüs-i Şerif 266,044 26,035 1,310 21,259 1,086 - 1,733 ? 328,168Suriye 791,582 60,978 413 10,140 27,662 247 1,873 ? 918,409Zor1 65,770 18 67 2 27 215 1 ? 66,294Total 15,044,846 1,729,738 1,161,169 187,073 62,468 67,838 65,844 24,845 54,750 4,133 13,211 6,932 47,406 164 8,091 6,957 11,169 7,385 1,006 14,908 82 18,520,016

As a result of the substantial territorial losses in Europe suffered during the Balkan Wars, the total population of the Empire fell to 18,520,016, of whom, an even larger percentage than before—15,044,846—were counted as Muslim, with 1,729,738 as Greek Orthodox, 1,161,169 as Armenian Gregorian, 187,073 as Jewish, 68,838 as Armenian Catholic, 65,844 as Protestant, and 62,468 as Greek Catholic. No separate figures were given for Franks (foreign nationals living in the Empire).

The capital, Constantinople (Istanbul) was an important location due to expulsions from the Balkan Wars. According to the 1914 census, its population increased slightly to 909,978, excluding Franks, with 560,434 Muslims, 205,375 Greek Orthodox, 72,963 Armenian Gregorian, 52,126 Jews, 9,918 Armenian Catholics, 2,905 Roman Catholics, 1,213 Protestants, and 387 Greek Catholics.

1 Sanjak

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