Petre or Petru Cișmigiu, also credited as Cișmigu (;Ion Ochsenfeld, "Вести из Румынии. Заботы и заботы", in Sovetsky Sport, 29 June 1968, p. 6 12 June 1915 – 2006), was a Romanian sports shooter, coach, sports expert, and civil engineer. A native of Bessarabia and graduate of the Bucharest Polytechnic, he worked for a while in designing telephone exchanges, and debuted as a shooter during World War II, with Telefon Club. After obtaining significant results in internal competitions, he qualified for the national shooting team during the first years of the Romanian communist regime. From early 1948, Cișmigiu was an official of the Romanian Shooting Sport Federation (FRT), emerging as a player-coach of the national squad in the early 1950s; his club affiliations were with the National Bank of Romania (BNR), CS Dinamo, and finally Metalul Energia. He competed in several international matches, appearing at the 50 m rifle, prone event of the 1952 Summer Olympics. Though he retired from playing shortly after, he was called up as a coach at subsequent Olympic events, with contributions that were initially criticized as unsatisfactory. He also began publishing guides to shooting and works of history on the sports, as well as inventing a scoring gauge.
In the 1960s, Cișmigiu became an expert and referee for the International Shooting Sport Federation, which awarded him honorary gold and silver medals. His involvement with the international body and its various affiliates also led him to become a technical adviser and designer of several shooting ranges, from Phoenix, Arizona, to Tokyo. Caught up in a simmering conflict with the FRT, he was coach of several other national federations and squads, and received special honors from the Mexican Federation of Shooting and Hunting. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Cișmigiu tried to revive sport shooting in Romania, but concluded that the regional authorities were ignoring him. As an octogenarian, he tried to obtain increased pension rights for himself and other non-Olympic champions. He died in 2006, some four years after publishing a final textbook on pistol-shooting.
Early life and playing career
In a 1999 article, sports journalist Andrei Dicu noted that Cișmigiu's native area was "somewhere in the present-day Republic of Moldova."Andrei Dicu, "Marile glorii mai sunt printre noi. Petre Cișmigiu este o statuie în viață a sportului, dar îi pare rău că e dat uitării", in Curierul Național, 16 March 1999, p. 15 According to standardized records, he was born on 12 June 1915 at Bolgrad,"Petre Cișmigiu", in the Sports Reference Olympedia in the Russian Empire's Bessarabia Governorate (currently in Ukraine). He lived his youth in Greater Romania, graduating from the Bucharest Polytechnic's Civil Engineering Department. He was thereafter employed by the Romanian Telephone Company, including throughout World War II. He was involved with designing telephone exchanges in Bucharest (Banu Manta), Cluj and Sibiu.I. G., "Tir. Petre Cișmigiu ochește la fix", in Cronica Română, 28 October 2000, p. 11 Cișmigiu was inducted into the company sports squad, the Telefon Club, during 1942, and, by November 1945, was announced in Gazeta Sporturilor as a "revelation of these latest competitions."Florin Brătan, "Puncte de foc. Panait Călcâi în fruntea trăgătorilor români", in Gazeta Sporturilor, 8 November 1945, p. 3 He took eleventh place at the national rifle, standing championship in December (a competition won by Sorin Cantili).FYB, "Campionatele de tir de toamnă s'au terminat cu stabilirea a două recorduri naționale", in Gazeta Sporturilor, 5 December 1945, p. 3 He won his first national competition, the General Confederation of Labor Cup 1946, with Telefon Club—also setting a national record.
After the proclamation of the Romanian People's Republic on 30 December 1947, Cișmigiu joined the team of engineers at the Ministry of Electrical Power, and transferred to the sports club formed at the BNR. He was selected for the Romanian national team after tryouts in March 1948."Sport. S'a completat lotul național de tir", in Națiunea, 18 April 1948, p. 2 In May, he was voted in as secretary of the FRT, and also designated to represent Romania in Budapest, at the centennial cup of the Hungarian Shooting Federation."Tir. Echipa R.P.R. pleacă la Budapesta", in Sportul Popular, 28 May 1948, p. 5 In March 1949, he represented BNR at a club competition which doubled as training for the national squad, as well as a celebration of the Communist Youth; he took second place, after Penait Călcâi."S'a încheiat un ciclu. Ultimele concursuri de tir rezervate lotului național s'au soldat cu rezultate excepționale", in Sportul Popular, 20 March 1949, p. 4 By May 1950 he was Romania's player-coach, preparing the squad for an international face-off against the Hungarian team."Căpitanul Iamandi Muscă a ameliorat recordul național la armă militară obținând 475|600. Rezultatele complete la concursurile disputate ieri", in Sportul Popular, 18 May 1950, p. 4 Cișmigiu was sent to the 1952 ISSF World Shooting Championships in Oslo and that year's Summer Olympics in Helsinki (placing 20th in the men's 50 m rifle, prone).Marcel Vlaicu, "Participarea R. P. R. la cea de a XI-a Olimpiadă de la Helsinki", in Cultură Fizică și Sport, Vol. V, Issue 6, June 1952, p. 15 That edition, which also had him as a coach, marked the first of his seven appearances as an Olympic referee.Andrei Dicu, "Antrenorul emerit de tir, octogenarul Petre Cișmigiu, întreabă: 'De ce Legea sportului tratează, în mod discriminatoriu, campionii mondiali și olimpici?'", in Curierul Național, 16 January 2001, p. 10
Cișmigiu's affiliation was with CS Dinamo, where he personally founded a shooting department. His final club was Metalul Energia, with which he won four national titles in 1952–1954. During July 1954, he appeared in the combined competition at an exhibition match against France, whose star player was Jacques Mazoyer. Mazoyer met the then-standing world record, scoring 596 points and first place; Cișmigiu outscored Paul Konsler to come in second, with a one-point difference against Mazoyer, which was also the new national scoring record.Isabela Mărdărescu, "Un nou și strălucit succes al sportului nostru. Reprezentativa de tir a R.P.R. a întrecut reprezentativa Franței cu scorul de 7-0. La proba de armă liberă (combinată) trăgătorii români și francezi au obținut performanțe de valoare mondială", in Sportul Popular, 15 July 1954, pp. 1, 8 In October of the same year, he appeared at international championships organized by the Romanian state. His performance was judged as underwhelming in the local sports press: while his colleague Henry Herscovici had taken 400 out of a possible 400 points in his trial, Cișmigiu had taken third place in his.R. Iliescu, I. Mărdărescu, "Printre cei mai buni din lume", in Flacăra, Issue 3/1955, p. 30 He was however the republican champion in individual, supine and individual, combined competitions, both in June 1955."Două noi recorduri în campionatele republicane individuale la tir", in Sportul Popular, 11 June 1955, p. 3 At the 1955 European Shooting Championships, held at Tunari near Bucharest, Cișmigiu placed seventh in the supine position, with 597 points."Campionatele Europene de tir de la București. Excepționale rezultate în întrecerile de joi și vineri", in Sportul Popular, 17 September 1955, p. 4
Cișmigiu maintained the office of national coach after retiring from the playing squad; as such, he coached at Melbourne 1956 and Rome 1960. His contribution during the latter was formally censured by Romanian officials, who argued that he had been too lenient toward shooters under his supervision. He reportedly underwent a session of criticism, upon the end of which he recognized his faults.R. U., "Jocurile Olimpice de la Roma. La lotul nostru de tir, bilanț deocamdată nesatisfăcător", in Sportul Popular, 9 July 1960, p. 4 Cișmigiu had by then authored a specialty work, the 1954 Tirul cu arma sport ("Shooting Weapons for Sport"), which included detailed technical instructions.Gh. Ranetti, "Tirul cu arma sport—O nouă lucrare originală", in Cultură Fizică și Sport, Vol. VII, Issue 10, October 1954, p. 64 In 1962–1963, he publicized his invention of a "measuring rod"-type of gauge, which helped reduce fluctuations in score-keeping.Sándor Inován, "Újítások, találmányok a sport birodalmában", in Előre, 12 February 1963, p. 4 He helped organize the 1965 European Shooting Championships, for which he supervised expansions to the Tunari range.Paul Ochialbi, "'Europenele' de tir. 5 minute de vorbă cu antrenorul P. Cișmigiu", in Informația Bucureștiului, 16 September 1965, p. 3
International expert
Upon retiring from competitions, Cișmigiu had become an expert of the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF). It awarded him honorary silver and gold medals, which he treasured alongside a diploma of merit from the International Olympic Committee. In mid-1969, he was invited to a shooting competition in Phoenix, Arizona, and provided technical guidance for the National Rifle Association of India."Antrenorul emerit Petre Cișmigiu invitat în S.U.A. și India", in Sportul, 26 July 1969, p. 1 He worked on designing shooting ranges in Phoenix, Thun, Munich and Tokyo. At home, he worked for the Union for Physical Education and Sports, helping to design its Conta Street headquarters, as well its sporting arenas in Floreasca and Poiana Brașov. He edited several new expert works on shooting, and was a regular contributor to ISSF bulletins. In 1970, Editura Stadion published his book Tineretul și tirul sportiv ("Youth and Sports Shooting"), which featured a history of the sport, as well as advice for beginners."Fișier bibliografic. Tineretul și tirul sportiv", in Educație Fizică și Sport, Vol. XXIII, Issue 11, November 1970, p. 64
In 1966, Cișmigiu was credited by the journalists at Sportul Popular with instilling "seriousness" in the Olympic team, including in top-performing newcomers such as Virgil Atanasiu and Marcel Roșca.C. Comarnischi, T. Răbșan, "Tirul românesc poate și trebuie să își confirme clasa internațională. La orizont Jocurile Olimpice din 1968", in Sportul Popular, 22 October 1966, p. 6 He appeared as a coach for Tokyo 1964, Mexico City 1968, Munich 1972, and finally Montreal 1976. At the end of his Olympic career, his players had won nine Olympic medals, including three gold ones. From March 1968, he had been proclaimed a coach-emeritus by an assembly of Romanian sporting association, including the Romanian Olympic and Sports Committee and the Council for Physical Education and Sports."Șapte luni până la Jocurile Olimpice", in Sportul, 14 March 1968, p. 1 His performance in Mexico was recognized by the communist state, which awarded him the Meritul Sportiv medal, 3rd class, in November 1968."Decernarea unor ordine și medalii ale R.S.R. la Consiliul de Stat", in Secera și Ciocanul, 9 November 1968, p. 1 As an FRT trainer, in May 1972 he joined the official delegation at the continental skeet shooting championship, held in Francoist Spain (at Eurovillas)."Echipa României concurează la Campionatele Europene de skeet de la Eurovillas (Spania)", in Sportul, 4 May 1972, p. 1 He also appeared at the 1975 European 10 m Events Championships, as both Romania's coach and an international referee."Trăgătorii români au plecat la C. E. de la Londra", in Sportul, 20 February 1975, p. 1