The Evergreen Formation is a Pliensbachian to Toarcian geologic formation of the Surat Basin in New South Wales and Queensland, eastern Australia. Traditionally it has been considered to be a unit whose age has been calculated in between the Pliensbachian and Toarcian stages of the Early Jurassic, with some layers suggested to reach the Aalenian stage of the Middle Jurassic, yet modern data has found that an Early Pliensbachian to Latest Toarcian age is more possible. The formation was named due to the "Evergreen Shales", defined with a lower unit, the Boxvale Sandstone, and a partially coeval, partially younger upper unit, the Westgrove Ironstone Member. This unit overlies the Hettangian-Sinemurian Precipice Sandstone, as well several informal units such as the Nogo Beds, and Narayen beds, as well Torsdale Volcanics. This unit likely was deposited in a massive lacustrine body with possible marine environment influences.
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Fossil content Indeterminate Unionoid bivalves are known from the Kolane Station.
Ichnofossils Genus Species Type Location Material Origin ImagesAsterosomaA. isp.FodinichniaChinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Moonie 34 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 BoreholeRadiating bulb-like swelling burrowsAnnelid worm, vermiform organism ConichnusC. isp.Domichnia CubichniatrailsGastropods CylindrichnusC. isp.DomichniaLong, subconical, weakly curved burrowsAnemones Polychaete worms DiplocraterionD. parallelumDomichnia U-shaped burrowsPolychaeta annelids (Axiothella, Abarenicola and Scolecolepis) Sipunculans (Sipunculus) Enteropneustans (Balanoglossus) Echiurans (Urechis). HelminthopsisH. isp.Fodinichnia Simple, unbranched, horizontal cylinder tracesPolychaetes PriapulidsLockeiaL. amygdaloides L. isp.Cubichnia DomichniaDwelling tracesBivalvesNaktodemasisN. isp.FodinichniaStraight to sinuous, unlined and unbranched burrowsSoil bugs Cicada nymphs Scarabaeid beetle larvaePalaeophycusP. tubularisDomichnia Straight or gently curved tubular burrows. Polychaetes Semiaquatic Insects (Orthoptera and Hemiptera) Semiaquatic and non-aquatic Beetles.PhycosiphonP. isp.FodinichniaIrregularly meandering burrowsVermiform AnimalsPlanolitesP. montanus P. beverleyensis P. isp.Pascichnia Cylindrical or elliptical curved/tortuous trace fossilsPolychaetes InsectsScoliciaS. isp.CubichniaSymmetrical trail or burrow Gastropods Skolithos S. isp.DomichniaCylindrical strands with branchesPolychaetes PhoronidansSiphonichnus S. ophthalmoidesDomichniaCylindrical strands with branchesPolychaetes PhoronidansTaenidiumT. serpentinum T. isp.FodinichniaUnlined meniscate burrowsDeposit-feeding Sipuncula Polychaetes PhoronidansThalassinoidesT. isp.Tubular FodinichniaTubular BurrowsThalassinidea Several Crustaceans (Anomura, Decapoda) Annelids (Polychaeta Sipuncula DipnoiTeichichnusT. isp.Fodinichnia Vertical to oblique, unbranched or branched, elongated to arcuate spreite burrowPolychaetes Dwelling Echiurans Dwelling Holothurians.
Diplopoda Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes ImagesDecorotergumD. warrenaeKolane Station, 58 km ENE of TaroomWestgrove Ironstone MemberIncomplete specimens: QMF12294, QMF12295 and one small fragment of a third specimen, QMF12296A millipede whose affinities are controversial. It may be an Oniscomorpha of the order Amynilyspedida family Amynilyspedidae or a member of the order Polydesmida
Vertebrata Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes ImagesPlesiosauriaIndeterminateKolane Station, 58 km ENE of TaroomWestgrove Ironstone MemberQM F10440, Limb, girdle and vertebral fragments from a single skeleton QM F10441, partial skeletonA Freshwater Plesiosaur with affinities with Pliosauridae and NeoplesiosauriaSideropsS. kehliKolane Station, 58 km ENE of TaroomWestgrove Ironstone MemberQM F7822, nearly complete skull with mandible and postcraniaA gigantic chigutisaurid temnospondyl, representing a relictual genus isolated in the Australian Ecoregion, as well one of the largest Mesozoic amphibians
Phytoplankton Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes ImagesChomotriletesC. triangularisGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Zygnemataceae. A genus derived from freshwater filamentous or unicellular, uniseriate (unbranched) green algae.
Bryophyta Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes ImagesAnapiculatisporitesA. dawsonensis A. pristidentatusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta. CingutriletesC. clavus C. parvusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.DistalanulisporitesD. punctus D. verrucosusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.ForaminisporisF. spp.Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Notothyladaceae in the Anthocerotopsida.NevesisporitesN. vallatusBoxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta. This spore is found in Jurassic sediments associated with the polar regions.PolycingulatisporitesP. crenulatus P. densatus P. mooniensis P. triangularis P. tortuosusBoxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Notothyladaceae in the Anthocerotopsida. Hornwort spores.RogalskaisporitesR. cicatricosus R. multicicatricosusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.StereisporitesS. antiquasporites S. radiatusBoxvale Area GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida. "Peat moss" spores, related to genera such as Sphagnum that can store large amounts of water.StaplinisporitesS. caminus S. manifestus S. pocockiiBoxvale Area GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Encalyptaceae in the Bryopsida. Branching moss spores, indicating high water-depleting environments.
Lycophyta Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes ImagesAntulsporitesA. granulatus A. saevus A. varigranulatus A. spp.GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.ApiculatisporisA. spp.GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with LycopodiopsidaCadargasporitesC. baculatus C. granulatus C. reticulatusBoxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 BoreholeSporesAffinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida. Herbaceous lycophyte flora, similar to ferns, found in humid settings. This family of spores are also the most diverse in the formation.CamarozonosporitesC. clivosus C. ramosus C. rudis C. spp.Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.DictyotosporitesD. sandranaGSQ DRD 22SporesIncertae sedis; affinities with Lycopodiopsida.LycopodiumsporitesL. austroclavatidites L. circolumenus L. rosewoodensis L. semimuris L. triangularisBoxvale Area GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.NeoraistrickiaN. elongata N. suratensis N. truncata N. spp.GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.PunctatosporitesP. walkomiiBoxvale AreaSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with Lycopodiopsida.RetitriletesR. austroclavatidites R. huttonensis R. rosewoodensis R. semimurusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. LycopodiumsporitesS. pseudoalveolatusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.UvaesporitesU. verrucosusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Pteridophyta Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes ImagesAnnulisporaA. altmarkensis A. badia A. densata A. folliculosa A. microannulata A. radiata A. triangularis A. spp.Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the genus Saccoloma, type representative of the family Saccolomataceae. This fern spore resembles those of the living genus Saccoloma, being probably from a pantropical genus found in wet, shaded forest areas.BaculatisporitesB. comaumensisBoxvale area GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.BiretisporitesB. modestusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the Marattiaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.CingulatisporitesC. caminusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with the PteridophytaClavatisporitesC. hammeniiGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with the PteridophytaCyathiditesC. australis C. minorGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Cyatheaceae in the Cyatheales. Arboreal fern spores.DictyophylliditesD. mortoniBoxvale areaSporesAffinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.DuplexisporitesD. problematicus D. spp.GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with the PteridophytaFoveosporitesF. moretonensisGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with the PteridophytaGleicheniiditesG. senonicus G. spp.Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the Gleicheniales in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.GranulatisporitesG. spp.GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the Pteridaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Forest ferns from humid ground locations.HeliosporitesH. sppGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with the PteridophytaIschyosporitesI. marburgensis I. surangulusBoxvale area GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with the PteridophytaLeiotriletesL. directus L. magnusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with the PteridophytaLeptolepiditesL. major L. verrucatusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.MatonisporitesM. sppBoxvale area GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.OsmundaciditesO. wellmaniiGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.PeroaletesP. rugosusGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with the PteridophytaPerotrilitesP. tenuisGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with the PteridophytaPolypodiisporitesP. ipsviciensisGSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.RugulatisporitesR. ramosus R. spp.GSQ Mundubera BoreholeSporesAffinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.
Peltaspermales