The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.
Taxonomy
In the past, it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic.Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae, but also several new families. - on line here Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from the Scrophulariacae sensu lato.
Fischer (2004) considered the family to consist of three subfamilies – Antirrhinoideae, Gratioloideae, and Digitalidoideae. He further divided the Gratioloideae into five tribes – Gratioleae, Angeloniaeae, Stemodieae, Limoselleae, and Lindernieae. He then divided the Gratioleae, with its 16 genera (and about 182 species) into three subtribes – Caprarinae, Dopatrinae, and Gratiolinae. The Gratiolinae had 10 genera (about 121 species) distributed through temperate and tropical America – Bacopa and Mecardonia (formerly Herpestis), Amphianthus, Gratiola, Sophronanthe, Benjaminia, Scoparia, Boelkea, Maeviella, and Braunblequetia. Many of these were transferred to the family Plantaginaceae, in the tribe Gratioleae.
Uses The family includes some medicinal plants, among them: Scrophularia, figworts Verbascum, mulleins
Genera The family Scrophulariaceae in its APG IV (2016) circumscription includes 62 genera and about 1830 known species. As of May 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts 58 genera.Scrophulariaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
Tribe AndroyeaeVillaverde, T., Larridon, I., Shah, T., Fowler, R.M., Chau, J.H., Olmstead, R.G. and Sanmartín, I. (2023), Phylogenomics sheds new light on the drivers behind a long-lasting systematic riddle: the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. New Phytol, 240: 1601-1615. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18845 Androya
Tribe Aptosimeae Anticharis Endl. Aptosimum Burch. ex Benth. Peliostomum E.Mey. ex Benth.
Tribe Buddlejeae Buddleja L. – Butterfly-bush Gomphostigma Turcz.
Tribe Camptolomeae Camptoloma Benth.
Tribe Hemimerideae Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav. Colpias E.Mey. ex Benth. Diascia Link & Otto Diclis Benth. Hemimeris L.f. Nemesia Vent.
Tribe Leucophylleae Capraria L. Eremogeton Standl. & L.O.Williams Leucophyllum Humb. & Bonpl.
Tribe Limoselleae Barthlottia Eb.Fisch. Chaenostoma Benth. (sometimes included in Sutera but separated by Kornhall and Bremer) Chenopodiopsis Hilliard Cromidon Compton Dischisma Choisy Glekia Hilliard Globulariopsis Compton Glumicalyx Hiern Gosela Choisy Hebenstretia L Jamesbrittenia Kuntze Limosella L.Plants of the World Online and World Flora Online place Limosella in family Plantaginaceae – Limosella L. (POWO), Limosella L. (WFO), Retrieved 13 May 2024. Lyperia Benth. Manulea Manuleopsis Thell. ex Schinz Melanospermum Hilliard Microdon ChoisyPhyllopodium Benth. Polycarena Benth. Selago L. Strobilopsis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt Sutera Roth – Dwarf snapdragon, "bacopa" Tetraselago Junell Trieenea Hilliard Zaluzianskya F.W.Schmidt
Tribe Myoporeae Bontia L. Calamphoreus Chinnock (synonym of Eremophila) Diocirea Chinnock (synonym of Eremophila) Eremophila R.Br. Glycocystis Chinnock Myoporum Sol. ex G.Forst.
Tribe Scrophularieae Antherothamnus N.E.Br. Nathaliella B.Fedtsch. Rhabdotosperma Hartl (synonym of Verbascum) × Scrophulari-verbascum Scrophularia L. – Figwort Verbascum L. – Mullein
Tribe Teedieae Dermatobotrys Bolus Freylinia Colla Oftia Adans. Phygelius E.Mey. ex Benth. – Cape fuchsia Ranopisoa J.F.Leroy Teedia Rudolphi
Not placed in a tribe or unknown tribe Ameroglossum Eb.Fisch., S.Vogel & A.V.Lopes Chamaecrypta Dolichostemon
Excluded genera The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
Acanthorrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae Agalinis Raf. → Orobanchaceae Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl. → Plantaginaceae Antirrhinum L. → Plantaginaceae Asarina Mill. → Plantaginaceae Bacopa Aubl. → Plantaginaceae Bartsia L. → Orobanchaceae Basistemon Turcz. → Plantaginaceae Besseya Rydb. → Plantaginaceae Calceolaria L. → Calceolariaceae Castilleja Mutis ex L.f. → Orobanchaceae Chaenorhinum (DC.) Rchb. → Plantaginaceae Chelone L. → Plantaginaceae Chionophila Benth. → Plantaginaceae Collinsia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. → Orobanchaceae Craterostigma Hochst. → Linderniaceae or as part of Lindernia Cymbalaria → Plantaginaceae Dasistoma Raf. → OrobanchaceaeDasistoma Raf. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2024. Digitalis L. → Plantaginaceae Dopatrium Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. → Plantaginaceae Epixiphium (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Munz → Plantaginaceae Euphrasia L. → Orobanchaceae Galvezia Dombey ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae Gambelia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae Glossostigma Wight & Arn. → Phrymaceae Gratiola L. → Plantaginaceae Hebe Comm. ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae Holmgrenanthe Elisens → Plantaginaceae Howelliella Rothm. → Plantaginaceae Keckiella Straw → Plantaginaceae Kickxia Dumort. → Plantaginaceae Lagotis Gaertn. → Plantaginaceae Leucosalpa Scott Elliot → OrobranchaceaeLeucosalpa Scott Elliot. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2024. Limnophila R.Br. → Plantaginaceae Linaria Mill. → Plantaginaceae Lindernia All. → Linderniaceae Lophospermum D.Don → Plantaginaceae Mabrya Elisens → Plantaginaceae Maurandella (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae Maurandya Ortega → Plantaginaceae Mazus Lour. → Mazaceae Mecardonia Ruiz & Pav. → Plantaginaceae Melampyrum L. → Orobanchaceae Micranthemum Michx. → Plantaginaceae Mimulus L. → Phrymaceae Misopates Raf. → Plantaginaceae Mohavea A.Gray → Plantaginaceae Neogaerrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae Nothochelone (A.Gray) Straw → Plantaginaceae Nuttallanthus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae Odontites Ludw. → Orobanchaceae Orobanche L. → Orobanchaceae Orthocarpus Nutt. → Orobanchaceae Parentucellia Viv. → Orobanchaceae Paulownia Siebold & Zucc. → Paulowniaceae Pedicularis L. → Orobanchaceae Peltanthera Benth. → Gesneriaceae (or Peltantheraceae) Penstemon Schmidel → Plantaginaceae Pseudorontium (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae Rhinanthus L. → Orobanchaceae Russelia Jacq. → Plantaginaceae Sairocarpus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae Sanango G.S.Bunting & Duke → Gesneriaceae Schistophragma Benth. ex Endl. → Plantaginaceae Scoparia L. → Plantaginaceae Stemodia L. → Plantaginaceae Striga Lour. → Orobanchaceae Synthyris Benth. → Plantaginaceae Tonella Nutt. ex A.Gray → Plantaginaceae Torenia L. → Linderniaceae Tozzia L. → Orobanchaceae Triphysaria Fisch. & C.A.Mey. → Orobanchaceae Veronica L. → Plantaginaceae Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. → Plantaginaceae
References
Further reading
External links
Family Scrophulariaceae Flowers in Israel verbascum.org