The 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey also known as the 17–25 December Corruption and Bribery Operation was a series of criminal investigation launched in December 2013 involving businessmen, public officials and relatives of several cabinet ministers in the government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The investigations included allegations of bribery, corruption, fraud, money laundering, gold smuggling and violations of sanctions against Iran.
the first investigation became public on 17 December 2013, when Turkish police detained dozens of people, including the sons of three cabinet members, the general manager of the state owned Halkbank, and Iranian businessman Reza Zarrab. A second investigation was initiated on 25 December, but police did not carry out prosecutor's instructions to detain additional suspects. the investigation triggered a political crisis and were followed by the resignation of three cabinet members, a cabinet reshuffle and extensive reassignment and dismissal of police officers, prosecutors and judges involved in or in association with the investigation.
Erdoğan's government rejected the allegations and characterized the investigation as an attempted political operation by "parallel structure" associated with the Gülen movement. Critics of the government argued that the subsequent removal of investigators and changes to the judiciary judiciary interfered with the corruption investigations. The European Commission reported in 2014 that the government's response raised serious concern about judicial independence and the separation of powers.
The principal December 2013 corruption investigation was discontinued in 2014 with prosecutors deciding not to pursue charges against 53 suspects. In January 2015, the Turkish parliament voted against sending four former ministers implicated in the allegations to the Constitutional Court for trial.
Subsequent proceedings in the United States involving Reza Zarrab and former Halkbank executive Mehmet Hakan Atilla addressed related allegation concerning the circumvention of U.S. sanctions against Iran. Atilla was convicted in 2018.
Police investigation and allegations On 17 December 2013, the Financial Crime Unit of the Istanbul Security Directorate detained 47 people, including officials from TOKİ (Housing Development Administration of Turkey), the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, and the District Municipality of Fatih. Barış Güler, Kaan Çağlayan and Oğuz Bayraktar, who are sons of the Turkish ministers, Muammer Güler (Minister of the Interior), Zafer Çağlayan (Minister of Economy), and Erdoğan Bayraktar (Minister of Environment and Urban Planning) were implicated, as well as Mustafa Demir, the mayor of the district municipality of Fatih; the real estate businessman Ali Ağaoğlu; Süleyman Aslan, the general manager of Halkbank and the Iranian businessman Reza Zarrab who was considered as the key suspect in the investigation and was reportedly involved in a money laundering scheme particularly regarding his transfer of gold and money to Iran via Turkey's government-controlled Halkbank as part of a strategy to bypass United States-led sanctions on Iran.Why Turkey’s Mother of All Corruption Scandals Refuses to Go Away - ForeignPolicy.com Demir was detained on accusations of approving the construction license for a hotel near the route of the recently inaugurated Marmaray railway, despite warnings from Japanese engineers that the construction could put the tunnel at risk of collapsing. Demir was investigated for ordering the ministry report to be shelved in exchange for bribes.
Moreover, Egemen Bağış, the Minister of European Union Affairs, is cited in newspaper articles as a potential suspect of bribery related to Reza Zarrab who has business affiliations with Babak Zanjani. As part of corruption claims along with 3 other ministers, Bağış was the only one out of the four charged ministers who had not resigned on 25 December 2013. Prime Minister Erdoğan announced a major cabinet reshuffle, removing Bağış from his post as the Minister for European Union through his publicly unannounced official resignation.
The police confiscated some US$17.5 million as money used in bribery during the investigation; US$4.5 million was found at Süleyman Aslan's residence and US$750,000 at Barış Güler's. Prosecutors accused 14 people including Barış Güler, Kaan Çağlayan, Süleyman Aslan and Reza Zarrab of bribery, corruption, fraud, money laundering and smuggling gold. On 21 December, the court ordered the arrest of these 14 people.
In total, 91 people were detained in the investigation; 26 of them were arrested by the court.
Second wave Several newspapers reported that a new investigation was expected on 26 December 2013, possibly involving then-Prime Minister (now President of Turkey) Erdoğan's sons, Bilal Erdoğan and Burak, as well as certain Al-Qaeda affiliates from Saudi Arabia such as Sheikh Yaseen Al Qadi and Osama Khoutub. The police officers in Istanbul Security Directorate, newly appointed by the government just a few days previously, refused to carry out their orders, and the deputy director of Public Prosecutions did not approve this new operation. The man behind this second investigation, Prosecutor Muammer Akkaş, was dismissed on the same day. Akkaş said he was prevented from performing his duty.
A second wave of arrests was planned, and a list was leaked to the press.
At midnight on 7 January, a government decree was published removing 350 police officers from their positions, including the chiefs of the units dealing with financial crimes, smuggling and organised crime. Fethullah Gülen described the decree as a purge of civil servants, while then-Prime Minister Erdoğan (now President of Turkey) described the corruption investigation as a "judicial coup" by those jealous of his success, backed by foreigners, namely a "dirty plot" of the Gülen movement.
Government reaction Since the beginning of the investigation, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government has started a purge in the police force; sacking dozens of police chiefs, most notably Hüseyin Çapkın, the Chief of Police in Istanbul. The Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Justice also changed their regulations, forcing security forces to inform their seniors of their actions at all times. This received criticism from the Union of Turkish Bar Associations, who are taking the case to the Turkish Council of State. The Turkish Council of State overturned the change of these regulations on 27 December, much to the disappointment of Prime Minister Erdoğan.
Various opposition sources accused the government of trying to influence the judiciary system and covering up the corruption. Among them was the Nationalist Movement Party MP Oktay Vural. A heated controversy erupted after the release on YouTube of audio recordings in which Erdoğan was reportedly heard telling his son, Bilal, to urgently get rid of tens of millions of dollars. Erdoğan has claimed the recordings were faked but some experts disagreed with this claim.
In late December, Hurriyet and Yeni Safak papers published comments by Erdoğan stating he believes he is the ultimate target of a corruption and bribery probe of his allies. The Turkish Prime Minister told journalists that anyone attempting to enmesh him in the scandal would be "left empty handed." Erdoğan reshuffled his Cabinet on 25 Dec, replacing 10 ministers hours after three ministers, whose sons were detained in relation to the probe, resigned. One of those ministers called on Erdoğan to also step down. The ministers’ sons were questioned over the scandal focusing on alleged illicit money transfers to Iran and bribery for construction projects. Two of them were later arrested on bribery charges.
According to Hüseyin Çelik, who is serving as government spokesman, the four ministers who are involved in the investigation offered their resignation to the Prime Minister Erdoğan on 22 December.
Erdoğan blamed the investigation on an international conspiracy and vowed revenge on the Islamic community of the preacher Fethullah Gülen. There had been an antagonism between Erdoğan and Gülen for some time: Hakan Şükür, who is often regarded as a disciple of Gülen, had resigned his post in Justice and Development Party on 16 December. Government officials accused Gülen and his followers of treason and started referring to them as "terrorists."
Erdoğan defended Halkbank chief executive Süleyman Aslan, describing him as "honest person". Aslan was charged with taking bribes by the prosecutors while the police are said to reportedly have found US$4.5 million in cash stored in shoe boxes in Aslan's home. After Aslan was arrested the bank's stock went down 32% for the year. Erdoğan also threatened Francis Ricciardone, the U.S. ambassador to Turkey, with expulsion.
Erdoğan left the country for an official visit to Pakistan on 23 December, while the scandal was dominating the headlines.
Muhammed Mısır, a bureaucrat in the Ministry of Health, resigned after bribery allegations on 24 December.
Muammer Güler (Minister of the Interior) and Zafer Çağlayan (Minister of Economy), both of whose sons were arrested in the anti-corruption operation, resigned together on the morning of 25 December. That same afternoon, Erdoğan Bayraktar (Minister of Environment and Urban Planning) resigned both as minister and as a member of parliament. Bayraktar said that he did not take kindly to having been forced into resignation, and that Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan should resign as well, claiming that he had done everything with the Prime Minister's approval.
İdris Naim Şahin, former Minister of the Interior, has resigned from Justice and Development Party on 25 December. He said the government's crackdown on the police organization and the judiciary system could not be explained with reason or the notions of law and justice.
450 policemen in the Financial Crimes department were forbidden to enter the Istanbul Security Department HQ.
Erdal Kalkan, a member of parliament in the constituency of İzmir from the ruling AKP, resigned from his party on 26 December because of the ongoing scandal. Haluk Özdalga, Member of Parliament in the constituency of Ankara, resigned from AKP for the same reason. Ertuğrul Günay, another MP in the constituency of İzmir and former Minister of Culture, was the third one to resign from AKP. These three ex-members of AKP were each separately had been on investigation by AKP's internal discipline committee with the accusation of opposing AKP's own regulations. They all resigned before the committee reached a verdict.
On 31 December, Burdur deputy Hasan Hami Yıldırım resigned from the AKP, reducing the number of AKP parliamentarians to 320. Yıldırım accused the government of obstructing the investigation into the scandal. He also criticized the campaign of “insults” and “defamation” against Islamic scholar Fethullah Gülen and his Hizmet movement, which he considered an attempt to "eradicate a civil society movement.”
Erdoğan's government dismissed or reassigned thousands of police officers and hundreds of judges and prosecutors - including those leading the investigation - and passed a law increasing government control of the judiciary.
Cabinet reshuffle In a speech to the press on the evening of 25 December, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the reshuffle of 10 members of his cabinet in light of the scandal, saying that the reshuffle was to replace the three ministers who had resigned earlier in the day and others who were planning mayoral runs in the local elections in March 2014. This included the removal of Minister for European Union and Chief Negotiator Egemen Bağış, another figure in the scandal, from office. The changes to the cabinet are:
Emrullah İşler – Deputy Prime Minister – replacing Bekir Bozdağ (see below entry) Bekir Bozdağ – Minister of Justice – replacing Sadullah Ergin