The viola d'amore (; ) is a 6- or 7-stringed musical instrument with additional sympathetic strings, which is often associated with music of the Baroque period. It is played under the chin in the same manner as the violin.Pronunciation of viola in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary A player of the instrument may be called a violist d'amore, or simply referred to as a viola d'amore player.
Structure and sound
The viola d'amore shares many features of the viol family. It looks like a thinner treble viol without frets and usually with sympathetic strings added. The six-string viola d'amore and the treble viol also have approximately the same range of playable notes, though the viola d'amore's repertoire generally makes greater use of the higher register. Like all instruments in the viol family, it has a flat back. An intricately carved head at the top of the peg box is common on both viols and viola d'amore, although some instruments lack one. Unlike the carved heads on viols, the viola d'amore's head appears most often in the shape of Cupid blindfolded, representing the blindness of love. This was one of the three usual sound hole shapes for viols as well.The other two sound-hole shapes being f-holes for viols with "violin shape" and C-holes or flame holes on the "viol shaped" viols. It is unfretted, and played much like a violin, being held horizontally under the chin. It is about the same size as the modern viola, though its construction has never been entirely standardized and instruments tend to vary slightly in size.
The viola d'amore usually has six or seven playing strings, which are sounded by drawing a bow across them, just as with a violin or viol. In addition, it has an equal number of sympathetic strings located below the main strings and the fingerboard which are not played directly but vibrate in sympathy with the notes played. A common variation is six playing strings, and instruments exist with as many as fourteen sympathetic strings alone, though these are quite rare. Despite the fact that the sympathetic strings are now thought of as the most characteristic element of the instrument, early forms of the instrument almost uniformly lacked them. The first unambiguous reference to a viola d'amore with sympathetic strings does not occur until the 1730s. Both types continued to be built and played through the 18th century.Kai Köpp: "Love without Sympathy", The Strad, vol. 112 no. 1333 (May 2001), 526-533.
Largely thanks to the sympathetic strings, the viola d'amore has a particularly sweet and warm sound. Leopold Mozart, writing in his Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, said that the instrument sounded "especially charming in the stillness of the evening." The sound of the instrument is in many cases noticeably quieter than the violin or viola, due to the back of the instrument being flat. However, many composers who have written for the instrument have known this and have adapted their orchestration to accommodate the instrument's timbre. Vivaldi, for example, often scored the bass line in the violin parts for his viola d'amore concerti so as to avoid issues of balance.
The first known mention of the name viol d'amore appeared in John Evelyn's Diary (20 November 1679): "for its swetenesse & novelty the Viol d'Amore of 5 wyre-strings, plaid on with a bow, being but an ordinary violin, play'd on Lyra way by a German, than which I never heard a sweeter Instrument or more surprizing..."
Range
As on the treble viol, the register above the octave (d) on the top string is seldom used in music of the 17th and 18th centuries. The viola d'amore was normally tuned specifically for the piece it was to play - cf. scordatura. Most commonly, the instrument would be tuned in D major, and by the end of the 18th century this became the standard: A, d, a, d', f', a', d". However, other tunings used include a D minor tuning (achieved by simply lowering the third string to F-natural) and an A minor tuning, both used in the viola d'amore concerti written by Antonio Vivaldi.
The overall range of the modern version of the instrument generally stretches from A2 to A6, though many instruments with longer fingerboards are capable of playing higher than this. Due to the enormous range covered by the open tuning itself, a three-octave A major scale can be played on a seven-string instrument without shifting past first position.
Use
The instrument was especially popular in the late 17th century, although a specialized viola d'amore player would have been highly unusual, since it was customary for professional musicians to play a number of instruments, especially within the family of the musician's main instrument. Towards the end of the 18th century, the instrument largely fell from use, as the volume and power of the violin family became preferred over the more introverted tone of the viol family. However, there has been significant renewed interest in the viola d'amore in the last century. The viola players and composers Henri Casadesus and Paul Hindemith both played the viola d'amore in the early 20th century, and the film composer Bernard Herrmann made use of it in several scores. It may be noted that, like instruments of the violin family, the modern viola d'amore was altered slightly in its construction from the Baroque version, mainly to support the extra tension of steel wound strings.
Leoš Janáček originally planned to use the viola d'amore in place of the viola in his second string quartet, "Intimate Letters". The use of the instrument was symbolic of the nature of his relationship with Kamila Stösslová, a relationship that inspired the work. However, the version with viola d'amore was found in rehearsal to be impracticable, and Janáček re-cast the part for the four-string viola.Tyrrell, John (2006/7). 'Janáček: Years of a Life', Faber & Faber, London, Volume II at pages 264, 832, 881 Sergei Prokofiev's ballet Romeo and Juliet features a viola d'amore as well.
The viola d'amore can be heard today on occasion in musical ensembles that specialise in historically informed performances of Baroque music on authentic instruments, and is heard most often in this style of music as a solo instrument rather than an integrated member of the ensemble. Many viola d'amore players in the modern day have also introduced the instrument to genres such as jazz, contemporary, folk, and electronic music.
Scordatura notation
Scordatura notation was first used in the late seventeenth century as a way for violinists to quickly read music for violin with altered tunings. Because the intervals are not uniform across the viola d'amore's range (i.e. the strings are not all tuned in one interval), many violinists began notating viola d'amore music as though the top four strings were tuned in fifths. Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber, Antonio Vivaldi and Johann Joseph Vilsmayr (a student of Biber), among others, wrote pieces for violin with one or more strings retuned to notes other than the usual fifths. Given that the viola d’amore was usually played by violinists and that many different tunings were used, scordatura notation often made it easier for a violinist to read the music, though it is generally considered archaic by many players today.
Scordatura notation exists in a number of different types. Treble clef, alto clef, and soprano clefs are all used by different composers. Bass clef has often been used for notes on the lower two or three strings (on instruments with more than five strings), and usually sounds an octave higher than written. In scordatura, one imagines that one is playing a violin (or in some cases a viola, where alto clef is used) tuned in the normal fifths. Scordatura notation informs the player not about what note will sound but rather about where they should place their fingers; therefore, it may be referred to as a tablature or "finger" notation. In a more modern convention, alto clef is often used for the lower register (with treble clef having been standardized for the higher register), for ease of notation and transposition. This system was not overall unheard of in the Baroque era, but it became much more popular in music for the instrument from the late 19th century on (such as in works by Loeffler, Hindemith, and Casadesus), and is still used today, alongside the bass clef system.
In Biber's Harmonia Artificiosa no. VII, a very unique version of scordatura notation is used. Biber uses a nine-line staff. The clefs used are based on alto clef (imagining that one is playing a viola). The piece is written for a six-stringed instrument. The upper part of the staff supposes that one is playing on the upper four strings and the lower part that one is playing on the lower four strings (still imagining that you are reading the four strings of a viola in alto clef). This does mean that there are two ways of notating notes on the middle two strings, but it quickly becomes apparent, when playing, what the correct reading should be.
Repertoire Baroque and Classical works Heinrich Biber (1644–1704) Partita VII for two viole d'amore and basso continuo, from Harmonia artificiosa - ariosa, 1696. Christian Pezold (1677-1733) 2 Partitas for solo viola d'amore Attilio Ariosti (1666–1729) 6 Lessons for viola d'amore and continuo 15 Sonatas used in 2 cantatas used as an obbligato instrument in the opera, "Marte Placato" (1707) Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) Concerto in D major, RV 392, P.166 Concerto in D minor, RV 393, P.289 Concerto in D minor, RV 394, P.288 Concerto in D minor, RV 395, P.287 Concerto in A major, RV 396, P.233 Concerto in A minor, RV 397, P.37 Concerto in D minor for viola d'amore and lute, RV 540 Concerto da Camera in F major for viola d'amore, 2 oboes, 2 horns, bassoon, continuo, RV 97 Vivaldi also used the viola d'amore as an obbligato instrument in sacred works and operas: Nisi Dominus, RV 608 Gloria Patri Juditha Triumphans, 644 Quanto magis generosa Tito Manlio, RV 738 Tu dormi in tante pene Nisi Dominus, RV 803 Nisi Dominus Christoph Graupner (1683–1760) Trio Sonata in C major for flute, viola d'amore and continuo, GWV 202 Trio Sonata in D major for flute, viola d'amore and continuo, GWV 205 Trio Sonata in D minor for flute, viola d'amore and continuo, GWV 207 Trio Sonata in E minor for flute, viola d'amore and continuo, GWV 209 Trio Sonata in F major for viola d'amore, bass chalumeau and continuo, GWV 210 Trio Sonata in B major for flute, viola d'amore and continuo, GWV 217 Concerto in D major for viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 314 Concerto in F major for flute, viola d'amore, chalumeau, strings and continuo, GWV 327 Concerto in D major for flauto d'amore, oboe d'amore, viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 333 Concerto in G minor for viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 336 Concerto in A major for viola, viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 339 Concerto in B major for chalumeau, viola d'amore, oboe, strings and continuo, GWV 343 Ouverture in D major for oboe d'amore, viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 419 Ouverture in D minor for bassoon, viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 426 Ouverture in D major for viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 427 Ouverture in E major for viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 438 Ouverture in F major for flute, viola d'amore, chalumeau, strings and continuo, GWV 450 Ouverture in F major for flute, viola d'amore, 2 chalumeaux, strings and continuo, GWV 451 Ouverture in G major for viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 459 Ouverture in G major for viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 460 Ouverture in G major for viola d'amore, bassoon, strings and continuo, GWV 465 Ouverture in A major for viola d'amore, strings and continuo, GWV 476 Ouverture in A major for flute, viola d'amore, oboe, bassoon, strings and continuo, GWV 477 Sinfonia in F major for soli viola d'amore, cello and bassoon, 3 violas and basso continuo, GWV 577