Essex County is located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. At the 2020 census, the total population was 809,829, making it the third-most populous county in the state, and the seventy-eighth-most populous in the country. It is part of the Greater Boston area (the Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area). The largest city in Essex County is Lynn. The county was named after the English county of Essex.

The county has two traditional county seats: Salem and Lawrence. Prior to the dissolution of the county government in 1999, Salem had jurisdiction over the Southern Essex District, and Lawrence had jurisdiction over the Northern Essex District, but currently these cities do not function as seats of government. However, the county and the districts remain as administrative regions recognized by various governmental agencies, which gathered vital statistics or disposed of judicial case loads under these geographic subdivisions, and are required to keep the records based on them. The county has been designated the Essex National Heritage Area by the National Park Service.

History

The county was created by the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony on May 10, 1643, when it was ordered "that the whole plantation within this jurisdiction be divided into four sheires". Named after the county in England, Essex then comprised the towns of Salem, Lynn, Wenham, Ipswich, Rowley, Newbury, Gloucester and Andover.Davis, William T. Bench and Bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, p. 44. The Boston History Company, 1895. In 1680, Haverhill, Amesbury and Salisbury, located north of the Merrimack River, were annexed to Essex County. These communities had been part of Massachusetts' colonial-era Norfolk County (1643–1680). The remaining four towns within "Old" Norfolk County, which included Exeter and what is now Portsmouth, were transferred to the Province of New Hampshire. The Massachusetts-based settlements were then subdivided over the centuries to produce Essex County's modern composition of cities and towns.

Essex County is where Elbridge Gerry (who was born and raised in Marblehead) created a legislative district in 1812 that gave rise to the word gerrymandering.

Due to a confluence of floods, hurricanes, and severe winter storms, Essex County has had more disaster declarations than most other U.S. counties, from 1964 to 2016.

Law and government From the founding of the Republican Party until the New Deal, Essex County was a Republican stronghold in presidential elections. Since 1936, it has trended Democratic, with Dwight Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 and Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 being the only Republicans to carry the county since.

Like several other Massachusetts counties, Essex County exists today only as a historical geographic region, and has no county government. All former county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1999. The sheriff (currently Kevin Coppinger), district attorney (currently Paul Tucker), and some other regional officials with specific duties are still elected locally to perform duties within the county region, but there is no county council, commissioner, or county employees. Communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services.

District attorneys of Essex County District attorney TermJoseph Story1807–1809Asa Andrew1809–1811David Cummings1811–1813Samuel Putnam1813–1814John Pickering1814–1824Stephen Minot1824–1830Asahel Huntington1830–1846Albert H. Nelson1846–1848Asahel Huntington1848–1851Stephen Henry Phillips1851–1853Alfred A. Albert1853–1869Edgar J. Sherman1869–1883Henry P. Moulton1883–1884Henry F. Hurlburt1884–1890William Henry Moody1890–1896Alden P. White1896–1899W. Scott Peters1899–1911Henry Converse Atwill1911–1915Michael A. Sullivan1915–1916Louis Cox1916–1918Henry Gordon Wells1918–1920S. Howard Donnell1920–1923William G. Clark1923–1931Hugh Cregg1931–1959John P. S. Burke1959–1979Kevin M. Burke1979–2003Jonathan W. Blodgett2003–2023Paul Tucker2023–present

Geography Essex County is roughly diamond-shaped and occupies the northeastern corner of the state of Massachusetts.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (41%) is water. Essex County is adjacent to Rockingham County, New Hampshire to the north, the Atlantic Ocean (specifically the Gulf of Maine and Massachusetts Bay) to the east, Suffolk County to the south, Middlesex County to the west and a very small portion of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire to the far north west in Methuen. All county land is incorporated into towns or cities.

Essex County includes the North Shore, Cape Ann, and the lower portions of the Merrimack Valley.

Adjacent Counties

• Middlesex County (west)

• Suffolk County (south)

• Hillsborough County, New Hampshire (northwest)

• Rockingham County, New Hampshire (north)

Transportation These routes pass through Essex County: , in Methuen and Andover , about twenty-five miles between Lynnfield through Salisbury , from Andover to Salisbury through Lawrence and Haverhill , between I-95 and Route 1A, close to the coast , along the coast , in Beverly and Essex , in Methuen and Andover , in Peabody and Danvers , from Middleton to Beverly , from Methuen to Beverly , in Saugus , from Saugus to Beverly , in Haverhill , from Methuen to Salisbury through Lawrence and Haverhill , from Methuen to Newburyport through Haverhill , from Lawrence to Marblehead through Middleton , from Andover to Haverhill , from Beverly to Gloucester , at the tip of Cape Ann , Lynnfield through Cape Ann , from Lynnfield to Marblehead , in Lynn , from Andover to Gloucester , in Amesbury , in Methuen , in Salisbury

The Lawrence Municipal Airport and Beverly Municipal Airport are regional airports within the county; the nearest commercial airports are Logan Airport in Boston and Manchester-Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, NH.

The MBTA commuter rail has two lines operating in Essex County: the Haverhill Line and the Newburyport Line, both of which go toward Boston. Close to Boston, MBTA buses also exist. The MVRTA is a bus company that connects cities within the Merrimack Valley portion of Essex County.

National protected areas Because of Essex County's rich history, which includes 17th century colonial history, maritime history spanning its existence, and leadership in the expansions of the textile industry in the 19th century, the entire county has been designated the Essex National Heritage Area by the National Park Service.

The following areas of national significance have also been preserved: Parker River National Wildlife Refuge Salem Maritime National Historic Site Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site Thacher Island National Wildlife Refuge

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 809,829. Of the residents, 20.9% were under the age of 18 and 18.2% were 65 years of age or older; the median age was 41.4 years. For every 100 females there were 92.2 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 89.1 males. 94.8% of residents lived in urban areas and 5.2% lived in rural areas.

The racial makeup of the county was 68.9% White, 4.1% Black or African American, 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.7% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 13.4% from some other race, and 9.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 22.6% of the population.

There were 309,030 households in the county, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 29.9% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

There were 327,185 housing units, of which 5.5% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 62.5% were owner-occupied and 37.5% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.8% and the rental vacancy rate was 4.1%.

Racial and ethnic composition +Essex County, MassachusettsRacial and ethnic compositionRace / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)Pop 1980Pop 1990Pop 2000Pop 2010 Pop 2020% 1980% 1990% 2000% 2010% 2020White alone (NH)606,353600,518601,340565,035536,42495.69%89.62%83.12%76.03%66.24%Black or African American alone (NH)5,92510,24214,39919,56627,0810.94%1.53%1.99%2.63%3.34%Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)6507869649157820.10%0.12%0.13%0.12%0.10%Asian alone (NH)2,3779,41416,73722,86429,3020.38%1.40%2.31%3.08%3.62%Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH)x included in the Asian category in the 1980 Censusx included in the Asian category in the 1990 Census155161130xx0.02%0.02%0.02%Other race alone (NH)1,4046801,3302,5526,7880.22%0.10%0.18%0.34%0.84%Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)x not an option in the 1980 Censusx not an option in the 1990 Census8,6239,32126,475xx1.19%1.25%3.27%Hispanic or Latino (any race)16,92348,44079,871122,745182,8472.67%7.23%11.04%16.52%22.58%Total633,632670,080723,419743,159809,829 100.00%100.00%100.00%100.00%100.00%

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 743,159 people, 285,956 households, and 188,005 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 306,754 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 81.9% White, 3.8% Black or African American, 3.1% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 8.2% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 16.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 23.3% were Irish, 17.1% were Italian, 12.6% were English, 6.1% were German, and 3.6% were American.

Of the 285,956 households, 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.3% were non-families, and 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.14. The median age was 40.4 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $64,153 and the median income for a family was $81,173. Males had a median income of $58,258 versus $44,265 for females. The per capita income for the county was $33,828. About 7.7% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

Demographic breakdown by town

Income

The ranking of unincorporated communities that are included on the list are reflective if the census designated locations and villages were included as cities or towns. Data is from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.