Asafo

Asafo are traditional warrior groups in Akan culture, based on lineal descent. The word derives from , meaning war, and , meaning people. The traditional role of the Asafo companies was defence of the state. As the result of contact with European colonial powers on the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana), the Fante, who inhabit the coastal region, developed an especially complex version of the concept in terms of its social and political organization based on martial principles, and with elaborate traditions of visual art, including flag banners with figurative scenes, and designs alluding to historical events or proverbs.Ong, Jyni, "Asafo flags embody cultural meanings and narratives from Ghana’s Fante people", It's Nice That, 11 September 2018.

Posuban shrines (the name derived from a corrupted form of the word "post" combined with the word "ban", signifying a fortification) are traditional structures usually made of concrete, intricately designed and painted with bright colours, serving as both military and religious posts for Asafo groups, as well as meeting grounds.

Asafo societies on the Gold Coast

Elmina

In Elmina, Asafo companies emerged in the early 18th century out of the wards of Elmina that had existed since at least the 17th century. The omission of a description of Asafo companies in Willem Bosman's (1703) leads academic Harvey Feinberg to the conclusion that these companies could not have been very important by that date. This changed in the first quarter of the 18th century, when the original three wards had been complemented by four new wards consisting of new immigrant groups to Elmina.

In 1724, when the Dutch needed the help of the Elminese to oust John Canoe from Fort Groß Friedrichsburg, they organized the wards into rank order, with each ward having a number and an established military formation. It was this occasion that gave rise to the domination of Asafo companies in the socio-political life of Elmina, and of the 10 Asafo companies existing today, seven are mentioned in 1724:

No. 1 (also ) No. 2 (also ) No. 3 (also ) No. 4 (previously , ) No. 5 (also ) No. 6 (also , ) No. 7

All companies were headed by a , and each one of them had its own flag.Adler, Peter, and Nicholas Barnard, Asafo!: African Flags of the Fante, London: Thames & Hudson, 1992., Chapter 2: . The Asafo companies were ranked in reverse order of importance. Asafo company No. 7 is supposed to be the company of the founder of Elmina, Kwa Amankwaa. This company still elects the King of Elmina, who must either be from the Nsona or Anona royal family. Asafo company No. 3 elects the leader of all Asafo companies known as the Great Ensign (). This was the case under Dutch influence. However, the commander of all the Asafo companies in Elmina is now known as the . The importance of rank is illustrated by the conflict between No. 5 and No. 6 in the late 1750s over the number six position. It was only when Governor Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper threatened to fire cannon from Fort Coenraadsburg into Elmina that the conflict was finally settled.

In the 19th century, three Asafo companies were added to the existing seven:

No. 8 No. 9 No. 10

No. 8 consisted of refugees from Eguafo and Simbiw, who fled to Elmina during the Fante War of 1810. No. 9 consisted of the descendants of the slaves who had worked for the Dutch West India Company and who were collectively dismissed in the early 19th century. No. 10 consisted of free citizens (). This company comprised mulattoes who were considered equals to the European officers, and who often worked in the lower ranks of the Dutch administration. This company elected the burgomaster of Elmina.

Cape Coast In Cape Coast (Oguaa traditional area) there are traditionally seven asafo companies: , , , , , and . Each company is headed by a superior captain ("") and under the is a captain (""). The leader of the asafo companies is the , also spelled or Baah-Acheamfour, Kwaku, "Ghana: Heroes Are Better Honoured Alive", AllAfrica, 25 August 2008.Asmah, Kobby, and Timothy Gobah, "Be neutral, professional — Political parties urge stakeholders", Graphic Online, 15 September 2016. (master of arms), Elicot Nana Kweku Okyere III, "THE TUFOHEN STOOL OF OGUAA TRADITIONAL AREA (The General Commander of the State & Master of Arms of the Seven Asafo Companies in Oguaa)", Oguaa in perspectives, 2 July 2021. who is regarded as the General Captain with responsibility for giving orders and directing affairs if war breaks out.Cape Coast metropolitan Assembly.

The asafo companies feature largely in the Fetu Afahye festival of Cape Coast, held annually on the first Saturday of September.Paintsil, David Allan, "Oguaa to showcase potential of traditional warriors…in 2012 Fetu Afahye" , The Chronicle (Ghana), 11 May 2012.

Colours Each asafo company has designated uniform colours that have been historically established.Du Toit, Herman (ed.), Pageants and Processions: Images and Idiom as Spectacle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009, p. 118. Esi Sutherland-Addy identifies these in Oguaa as:Sutherland-Addy, Esi, "Women and Verbal Arts in the Oguaa-Edina Area", Research Review (NS), Vol. 14, No. 2 (1998), p. 7. No. 1. – red No. 2. – blue and white No. 3. – green No. 4. – yellow No. 5. – wine and black No. 6. () – white No. 7. – white and black

Asafo

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