The Fremantle War Memorial is a war memorial located on Monument Hill Memorial Reserve, an public reserve and hill in Fremantle, Western Australia. The memorial itself comprises a large obelisk, the Fallen Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial, surrounded by eight smaller memorials. The site, located on High Street near the centre of Fremantle, overlooks Fremantle Harbour, and was established by the Fremantle Town Council in 1928 to commemorate the losses of the First World War, having been used as a public reserve since the early 19th century.
Location The War Memorial is located on Monument Hill in the suburb of Fremantle, approximately above sea level. The hill overlooks Fremantle Harbour, Garden Island, and Rottnest Island to the west, and the Darling Ranges to the east, and is the highest natural point of elevation between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Ranges.Fremantle War Memorial, Western Australia – World War 1 Cemeteries. Retrieved 18 April 2012.Monument Hill (WA) – Easy Weddings. Retrieved 18 April 2012. Monument Hill was identified early as one of the best vantage points in Fremantle. The reserve is surrounded by residential properties immediately to the north, south, east, and west, although Fremantle Prison, Christian Brothers College, and John Curtin College of the Arts are less than away to the south-west, north-west, and north, respectively. Four roadsBateman Street, High Street, Knutsford Street, and Swanbourne Streetborder the reserve, and Solomon Street runs through the centre, allowing vehicular access.
Under the name Monument Hill Memorial Reserve the land comprising the memorial has been designated a Class-A reserve under the Land Administration Act 1997, which means that the purpose of the reserve cannot be changed except with the consent of both state houses of parliament.Monument Hill Memorial Reserve – Fremantle Visitor Centre. Retrieved 18 April 2012. Under the name Monument Hill and War Memorials, Fremantle, the site was listed on the Register of Historic Places on 28 August 2001,Monument Hill & War Memorials, Fremantle (03956) – Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 18 April 2012. with the Register Listing noting:Register listing for Monument Hill & War Memorials, Fremantle – Register of Historic Places. Published 28 August 2001. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
History
Prior uses An obelisk at the summit of Monument Hill was constructed in 1874 for use as a trig point by surveyors and navigators.Monument Hill, Fremantle, WA – The Gardens Family History. Retrieved 18 April 2012. In an 1870s planning map of Fremantle, the obelisk was shown under the name Obelisk Hill, which remained in use until its demolition prior to the construction of the memorial in the 1920s.1870s Fremantle No.2 – Planning Western Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2012. The area around the hill comprised limestone outcrops and low scrub. After the Western Australian gold rushes in the 1890s, a number of shanty towns, commonly referred to as "canvas towns", came into existence on the outskirts of Fremantle, including on Monument Hill. The reserve was vested as a public park on 20 July 1904, under the name Obelisk Reserve. Under the specifications of Fremantle's town engineer, quarrying of the limestone outcrops commenced shortly after, and was used by a number of local companies, including the Fremantle Tramways. Various landscaping works were carried out between 1904 and 1910, including the planting of trees, and construction of footpaths, drinking fountains, and fixed jarrah seats.Assessment documentation for Monument Hill & War Memorials, Fremantle – Register of Historic Places. Published 28 August 2001. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
Fallen Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial The Fremantle Town Council established a Fremantle War Memorial Committee in 1921, to work towards "the erection of a fitting monument in memory of the men who enlisted from the port". The initial proposal was for a obelisk, costing between £A4,000 and £A5,000.PORT PARAGRAPHS – The Sunday Times. Published 11 December 1921. Retrieved 18 April 2012. A meeting of the committee in April 1922, presided over by the Mayor of Fremantle, Frank Ernest Gibson, MLA, tentatively accepted the design of Messrs. Wilkinson and Ross, of Claremont, with second place going to Mr. S. Rosenthal, of Perth.Fremantle's effort – The West Australian. Published 24 April 1922. Retrieved 18 April 2012. A separate citizens' committee was formed in February 1922, and reviewed plans by Messrs. Crossland and Harvey for the grounds.Soldiers' Memorial for Fremantle – The Western Mail. Published 23 February 1922. Retrieved 18 April 2012. Fundraising for the monument began in earnest on Anzac Day (25 April), 1922, with the organisation of a flower show, button days, and the selling of local produce.Fremantle Flower Show – The West Australian. Published 26 October 1922. Retrieved 18 April 2012. Approximately £A1,600, equivalent to in , had been raised by October 1922.Fremantle War Memorial. – The West Australian. Published 9 October 1922. Retrieved 18 April 2012. The main committee also referred a proposal for an improved roadway to the hill to the works committee, pointing out the road was necessary for "the carting of material to be used in the construction of the memorial".Fremantle War Memorial. – The West Australian. Published 18 October 1922. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Further fundraising continued throughout the following year, with the memorial committee, now headed by Gibson and William Watson, the federal member for the seat of Fremantle, commencing a campaign to exploit the mercantile community of the town, which had "not yet been properly canvassed", in March 1923.Fremantle War Memorial. – The West Australian. Published 24 March 1923. Retrieved 18 April 2012. A meeting of the committee in November 1923, presided over by Mrs. F. Instone, recommended that tenders be called for the construction of the monument, after a discussion in which the idea was raised that only a portion of the contract be proceeded with, with the object of "shaming people into contributing towards the fund of having the memorial completed".Tenders to Be Called. – The West Australian. Published 17 November 1923. Retrieved 18 April 2012. A further special meeting was held in April 1924, again presided over by Gibson. J. W. Bateman, who had previously resigned from the committee in protest at the poor response of shipping and commercial interests, was present at the meeting by invitation. The decision was made to proceed with the erection of the memorial "as far as the funds collected would permit", despite the "apathy of the citizens in the matter of subscriptions". The committee also moved to approach the architects Allen and Nicholas, who had gratuitously undertaken the role of supervisors in the construction of the monument, to secure estimates for the cost of the memorial.Decision of the Committee. – The West Australian. Published 24 April 1924. Retrieved 18 April 2012. Three estimates were received in September 1924, with the highest for £A11,700, and the lowest for £A6,450. One of the architects, Mr. Allen, altered some of the specifications of the monument in order to save money, substituting concrete for steel for certain work, and removing a spiral staircase and stone seats at the base of the hill.FREMANTLE COMMITTEE'S WORK – The West Australian. Published 22 September 1924. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
An article, accompanied by a sketch of the proposed memorial in The Sunday Times in February 1925, noted the height of the monument would be "from top to bottom", comprising an tower, and a base, giving a total height above sea level of . The noted Italian-born sculptor Pietro Porcelli was placed in charge of the construction, having previously designed the Explorers' Monument and a statue of C. Y. O'Connor in Fremantle.FREMANTLE FALLEN SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MEMORIAL – The Sunday Times. Published 15 February 1925. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Unveiling
The memorial was completed and inaugurated in 1928. An initial ceremony was held on Anzac Day (25 April) 1928 to dedicate a memorial tablet on the main column prior to the completion of the memorial. This ceremony was carried out by Archbishop Riley. The main unveiling, after construction had finished, took place later that year on Armistice Day (11 November). The unveiling was carried out by the Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia, Robert McMillan, with the memorial dedicated by Canon Collick.
Further memorials Plans for the erection of memorial gates commemorating those who fought in the Second World War were proposed in 1948, with work commencing in 1952. The gates comprised two grey granite entrance pillars, with cast bronze panels and ornamental work. The original deadline for the work was Anzac Day, 1952, however, only the bronze plaques were unveiled, with the memorial entrances not opened until Anzac Day, 1963. A mounted torpedo dedicated to the memory of United States Navy submariners who died at sea during the Second World War was unveiled by Rear Admiral Herman J. Kossler on 8 September 1967, jointly financed by the City of Fremantle and the United States Submarine Veterans Association. A memorial dedicated to members of the Allied submarine crews based in Fremantle during the Second World War was unveiled by Sir Douglas Kendrew, the Governor of Western Australia, on Trafalgar Day (21 October), 1972, incorporating a periscope from HM Submarine Tabard.
A plaque commemorating those killed in Malaya (1948–60), Korea (1950–53), Borneo (1962–66), and Vietnam (1962–72), was unveiled on 11 May 1975. A memorial funded by the Royal Australian Navy Corvettes Association was unveiled on 7 October 1984, commemorating those who served on Australian corvettes in the Second World War. Another plaque, erected by the Netherlands Ex-Servicemen's Association of Australia, was unveiled in 1991, remembering Dutch services based at Fremantle between 1942 and 1947. A further memorial, consisting of a ship's anchor resting on a raised base, was unveiled 23 October 1994 by Sir Francis Burt, marking Royal Navy personnel of the Second World War. Other memorials, unveiled on 27 August 1995 and 3 November 1996, respectively, were dedicated to the Australian Merchant Navy and the Royal Marines.
List MemorialDedicatedImageReferenceMerchant Mariners Memorial27 August 1995Netherlands Ex-Servicemen's Association of Australia Monument1991Submarine Periscope Memorial21 October 1972Royal Australian Navy Corvettes7 October 1984Royal Australian Navy in Vietnam30 November 2002Royal Marines Memorial3 November 1998Royal Navy Memorial23 October 1994United States Submariners Memorial16 September 1967
Uses Commemorative services are held yearly on Anzac Day (25 April) and Remembrance Day (11 November).Remembrance Day in Fremantle – ABC Perth Events. Retrieved 19 April 2012.Anzac Day 2012 commemoration – City of Fremantle. Retrieved 19 April 2012. The Fallen Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial is designed so that at dawn "1914" is illuminated, and at sunset "1919" is illuminated, alluding to a line in the Ode of Remembrance:
On Anzac Day, the shadows are exactly aligned.
References