List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars

The following is a list of Iranian scientists, engineers, and scholars who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age.

A Abdul Qadir Gilani (12th century) theologian and philosopher Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i (10th century) physician Abu Dawood (c. 817–889), Islamic scholar Abu Hanifa (699–767), Islamic scholar Abu Said Gorgani (10th century)Brentjes, Sonja. Jan P. Hogendijk, “The Geometrical Works of Abu Sa’id al-Darir al-Jurjani”. SCIAMVS 2, (2001), pp. 47-74., Abstracta Iranica [En ligne], Volume 26 | 2005, document 324, mis en ligne le 07 décembre 2005, consulté le 05 juin 2021. 'Adud al-Dawla (936–983), scientific patron Ahmad ibn Farrokh (12th century), physician Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din (11th century), physician and chemist Alavi Shirazi (1670–1747), royal physician in Mughal India Amuli, Muhammad ibn Mahmud (c. 1300–1352), physician Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971), mathematician and astronomerCalvo, Emilia, “Khāzin,” The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, editor-in-chief Thomas Hockey, New York: Springer-Verlag (2014) 1191-1192 | Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah (1006–1088), Islamic scholar Aqa-Kermani (18th century), physician Aqsara'i (?–1379), physician Abu Hafsa Yazid, physician Arzani, Muqim (18th century), physician Astarabadi (15th century), physician Aufi, Muhammad (1171–1242), scientist and historian Albubather, physician and astrologerVadet, J.-C., “Ibn al-K̲h̲aṣīb”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 05 June 2021 Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath, physician Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, theologian and philosopher Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi, mathematician and astronomerNegahban, Farzin, “Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ahwāzī”, Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Consulted online on 04 February 2017

B Brethren of PurityWalker, Paul E., “EḴWĀN AL-ṢAFĀʾ,” Encyclopaedia Iranica Bahmanyār, philosopher Al-Baghawi (c. 1041–1122), Islamic scholar Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī (1547–1621), poet, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer Baha Al-Dowleh Razi (died c. 915), physician Al-Baladhuri (?–892), historian Abu Ali Bal'ami (10th century), historian Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886), known in Latin as Albumasar, astrologerPingree, David E., “Abū Maʿshar al-Balkhī,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, editor-in-chief Charles Coulston Gillispie, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1970-1980) vol. 1, pp. 32-39; Idem, Abū Maʿshar Al-Balkhī, Jaʿfar Ibn Muḥammad, Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (850–934), geographer and mathematicianWatt, W. M., “ABŪ ZAYD BALḴĪ,” Encyclopædia Iranica Banū Mūsā brothers (9th century)Hamedani, Hossein Masoumi and Esots, Janis, “Banū Mūsā”, Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Consulted online on 06 June 2021 Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, historian Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, historian and Islamic scholar Al-Bayhaqi, faqih and muhadith Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (1706–1791), theologian Bubares (died after 480 BC), engineer Ibn Bibi (13th century), historian of the Seljuks of Rum Biruni (973–1048), astronomer and mathematician(Multiple Authors), BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870), Islamic scholar Sahl ibn Bishr (c. 786–845?), astrologer, mathematician Bukhtishu (8th century?), Persian Christian physician of Academy of Gundishapur Bukhtishu, Abdollah ibn (c. 940–1058), Christian physician in Persia Jabril ibn Bukhtishu (9th century), Christian physician Bukhtishu, Yuhanna (9th century), Christian physician Borzuya (6th century), a.k.a. Borzouyeh-i Tabib, physician of Academy of Gundishapur Bibi Monajemeh Nishaburi (13th century), mathematician and astronomer Birjandi (?–1528), astronomer and mathematician Kusuba, Takanori, “Birjandi,” The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, editor-in-chief Thomas Hockey, Springer Reference, New York: Springer-Verlag (2014) pp. 225-226. ISBN 978-1-4419-9916-0 Muhammad Bal'ami, historian Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari, physician Biesterfeldt, H. H., “AḴAWAYNĪ BOḴĀRĪ,” Encyclopædia Iranica Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami

D Abu Hanifa Dinawari (815–896), astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian Lewin, B., “Al-Dīnawarī,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, eds. H. A. R. Gibb, J. H. Kramers, E. Lévi-Provençal, J. Schacht, Leiden: Brill (1954–2005) vol. 2, p. 300; Pellat, Charles, “DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD,” Encyclopaedia Iranica Ibn Durustawayh (872–958), grammarian, lexicographer and student of the Quran and hadith Ibn Qutaybah Dinwari (828–885), historian and theologian

E Abubakr Esfarayeni (13th century?), physician

F Al-Farghani (d. 880), astronomer, known in Latin as Alfraganus Sabra, A. I., “AL-FARGHĀNĪ,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, editor-in-chief Charles Coulston Gillispie, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1970-1980) vol. 4, pp. 541-545; Pingree, David E., “FARḠĀNĪ, AḤMAD,” Encyclopaedia Iranica Al-Farabi (872–950) (Al-Farabi, Pharabius), philosopher Druart, Therese-Anne, "al-Farabi", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Fazari, Ibrahim (?–777), mathematician and astronomer Fazari, Mohammad (?–796), mathematician and astronomer Feyz Kashani, Mohsen (?–1680), theologian Firishta (1560–1620), historian Ibn al-Faqih, historian and geographer Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi (d. 1278/1279), astronomer Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani (1455–1521), religious scholar, historian and political writer

G Gardizi (?–1061), geographer and historian Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–1111), philosopher Gilani, Hakim (?–1609), royal physician Kushyar Gilani (971–1029), mathematician, geographer, astronomer Zayn al-Din Gorgani (1041–1136), royal physician Rostam Gorgani (16th century), physician Al-Masihi (?–999), Avicenn'a master

H Hakim Ghulam Imam, physician Hakim Muhammad Mehdi Naqi (18th century), physician Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan (18th century), physician Hakim Nishaburi (933–1012), Islamic scholar Hallaj (858–922), mystic-philosopher Hamadani, Mir Sayyid Ali (1314–1384), poet and philosopher Harawi, Abolfadl (10th century), astronomer of Buyid dynasty Harawi, Muwaffak (10th century), pharmacologist Harawi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf (d. 1542), physician Hasani, Qavameddin (17th century), physician Ibn Hindu (1019–1032), man of letters, physician Haji Bektash Veli, mystic Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician Haseb Tabari, astronomer Hammam ibn Munabbih, Islamic scholar Hamza al-Isfahani (ca. 893–after 961), philologist and historian Abu Ja'far ibn Habash

I Ibn Abi Sadiq (11th century), "The Second Hippocrates", Avicenna's disciple Ibn Isfandiyar (13th-century), historian Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820–912), geographer Ibn Rustah (9th century), explorer and geographer Ilaqi, Yusef (11th century), Avicenna's pupil Mansur ibn Ilyas (14th century), physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037), philosopher and physician Isfahani, Imad al-Din (1125–1201) historian and rhetorician Isfahani, Jalaleddin (19th century), physician Isfahani, Husayn (15th century), physician Istakhri (?–957), geographer, gives the earliest known account of windmills Iranshahri (9th century), philosopher, teacher of Abu Bakr al-Razi Al-Isfizari (11th–12th century), mathematician and astronomer

J Jabir ibn Hayyan (9th century), alchemist, pharmacist, philosopher, physicist, astronomer Jaghmini (14th century), physician Juwayni (1028–1085), philosopher, theologian Juzjani, Abu Ubaid (?–1070), physician Jamal ad-Din Bukhari (13th century), astronomer Jamasp, sage and philosopher Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī (800–860), geometer

K Karaji (953–1029), mathematician Jamshid-i Kashani (c. 1380–1429), astronomer and mathematician Kashfi, Jafar (1775/6–1850/1), theologian Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni (14th century), physician Kermani, Iwad (15th century), physician Kermani, Shams-ud-Din, Islamic scholar Al-Khazini (c. 1130), physicist Khayyam, Omar (1048–1131), poet, mathematician, and astronomer Khorasani, Sultan Ali (16th century), physician Al-Kharaqī, astronomer and mathematician Khujandi (c. 940–c. 1000), mathematician and astronomer Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (a.k.a. Al-Khwarazmi, c. 780–c. 850), creator of algorithm and algebra, mathematician and astronomer Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī, logician and philosopher Shams al-Din al-Khafri, astrologer Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, mathematician and astronomer Kubra, Najmeddin (1145–1220) Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani (d. after 1481), mathematician, astronomer Abu Zayn Kahhal, physician

M Al-Mada'ini (752/753–843), historian Mahani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer Majusi, Ibn Abbas (?–c. 890), physician Marvazi, Abu Taher (12th century), philosopher Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, mathematician, astronomer, geographer Masawaiyh (777–857), or Masuya Mashallah ibn Athari (740–815), of Jewish origins, from Khorasan who designed the city of Baghdad based on Firouzabad Miskawayh (932–1030), philosopher Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, physician Hamdallah Mustawfi (1281–1349), geographer Mulla Sadra (1572–1640), philosopher Ibn al-Muqaffa' (?–756), founder of Arabic prose along with Abdol-Hamid bin Musa, Hasan (9th century), astronomer, mathematician bin Musa, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer, inventor bin Musa, Muhammad (9th century), astronomer, mathematician Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi (13th century), philosopher Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Islamic scholar Muqatil ibn Sulayman, mufassir of Quran Ibn Manda, Hadith scholar Abu Ahmad Monajjem (241/855-56–in 13 Rabi' I 300/29 October 912), music theorist, literary historian Masarjawaih (7th century), physician Muhammad Abdolrahman, physician

N Nagawri (14th century), physician Nahavandi, Benjamin, Jewish scholar Nahavandi, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer Nakhshabi (14th century), physician Narshakhi (899–959), historian Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088), scientist, Ismaili scholar, mathematician, philosopher, traveler and poet Natili Tabari (10th century), physician Naubakht (9th century), designer of the city of Baghdad Naubakht, Fadhl ibn (8th century), astronomer Nawbakhty (4th Hijri century), Islamic scholar, philosopher Nizam al-Din Nishapuri, mathematician, astronomer, jurist, exegete, and poet Nawbakhti, Ruh (10th century), Islamic scholar Nayrizi (865–922), mathematician and astronomer Naqshband, Baha ud-Din (1318–1389), philosopher Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri (18th century), physician Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (c. 815–875), Islamic scholar Nurbakhshi (16th century), physician Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian Al-Nasa'i, hadith collector Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, historian and biographer Abu Nu`aym, Islamic scholar

O

Ostanes, ancient Persian alchemist

P Paul the Persian (6th century), philosopher

Q Qazwini, Zakariya (1203–1283), physician Qumi, Qazi Sa’id (1633–1692), theologian Qumri (10th century), physician Ali Qushji (1403–16 December 1474), mathematician, astronomer and physician Ali al-Qari, Islamic scholar Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi, jurist and Shia scholar Al-Quda'i (d. 1062), judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt

R Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1150-1210), islamic theologian, physician, astronomer Razi, Amin (16th century), geographer Razi, Zakariya (Rhazes) (c. 865–925), chemist, physician, and philosopher Razi, Najmeddin (1177–1256), mystic Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad (1207–1273), Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318), historian, physician and politician Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi, Ismaili philosopher Rudaki (858–941), Persian poet

S Sabzevari, Mulla Hadi (1797–1873), poet and philosopher