NTV (Cyrillic: НТВ) is a Russian free-to-air television channel that was launched as a subsidiary of Vladimir Gusinsky's company .Viktor Shenderovich, "Tales From Hoffman" (sic) (48–57), Index on Censorship, Volume 37, Number 1, 2008, p. 50. Since 14 April 2001 Gazprom Media controls the network. NTV has no official meaning according to Igor Malashenko, the author of the name and co-founder of the company, but in the 1990s unofficial transcripts of the acronym include "New" (Novoe), "Independent" (Nezavisimoe), "Non-governmental" (Negosudarstvennoe), "Our" (Nashe).Игорь Малашенко: "НТВ не расшифровывается вообще никак. Когда-то я придумал эту аббревиатуру для нового телевидения, кто-то предложил расшифровать как "независимое", но все дружно заявили, что это безумно претенциозно. Предлагали другие варианты – "негосударственное", "наше", в результате твердо договорились не расшифровывать вообще никак..."
History Gusinsky era (1993–2001) Gusinsky founded NTV broadcasting in October 1993 on channel 4. It moved to channel 5 in January 1994. He attracted talented journalists and news anchors of the time such as Tatiana Mitkova, Leonid Parfyonov, Mikhail Osokin, Yevgeniy Kiselyov, Vladimir A. Kara-Murza, Victor Shenderovich, Pyotr Marchenko and others. The channel set high professional standards in Russian television, broadcasting live coverage and sharp analysis of current events. Starting before the dissolution of Soviet Union as Fourth Programme, the channel broadcast a daily news programme Segodnya and a weekly news-commentary programme Itogi which was jointly supported by the United States magazine Newsweek (at the time, a subsidiary of The Washington Post Company, now Graham Holdings Company).G. Kertman, Star Wars (Political Commentators on Television) , The Public Opinion Foundation, 1 March 2000. In the early 1990s, , a multibillion-dollar advertising agency, obtained exclusive advertising rights on NTV.
It commented favorably on President Boris Yeltsin's re-election campaign in 1996.
By 1999 NTV had achieved an audience of 102 million, covering about 70% of Russia's territory, and was available in other former Soviet republics.NTV: Timeline of events, CNN, 10 April 2001.
During parliamentary elections in 1999 and presidential elections in 2000, NTV was critical of the Second Chechen War, Vladimir Putin and the political party Unity backed by him. In the puppet show Kukly ('Puppets') in the beginning of February 2000, the puppet of Putin acted as Little Zaches in a story based on E.T.A. Hoffmann's Little Zaches Called Cinnabar, in which blindness causes villagers to mistake an evil gnome for a beautiful youth.Viktor Shenderovich, "Tales From Hoffman" (48–57), Index on Censorship, Volume 37, Number 1, 2008, p. 49. This provoked a fierce reaction from Putin's supporters. On 8 February the newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti published a letter signed by the Rector of St. Petersburg State University Lyudmila Verbitskaya, the Dean of its Law Department Nikolay Kropachyov and some of Putin's other presidential campaign assistants that urged the prosecution of the authors of the show for what they considered a criminal offence.
Talk show with people of Ryazan and FSB members On 24 March 2000, two days before the presidential elections, NTV featured the Ryazan apartment bombing of fall 1999 in the talk show Independent Investigation. The interviews of the residents of the Ryazan apartment building, along with FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and Ryazan branch head Alexander Sergeyev was filmed a few days earlier. On 26 March, Boris Nemtsov voiced his concern over the possible shut-down of NTV for airing the talk. FSB is blowing up Russia: Chapter 5. FSB vs the People , Alexander Litvinenko, Yuri Felshtinsky, Novaya Gazeta, 27 August 2001 (computer translation)
Seven months later, NTV general manager Igor Malashenko said at the JFK School of Government that the Information Minister Mikhail Lesin had warned him on several occasions. Malashenko's recollection of Lesin's warning was that by airing the talk show NTV had "crossed a line" and that the NTV managers were "outlaws" in the eyes of the Kremlin.Caucasus Ka-Boom , Miriam Lanskoy, 8 November 2000, Johnson's Russia List, Issue 4630
According to Alexander Goldfarb, Malashenko told him that Valentin Yumashev had brought a warning from the Kremlin, one day before the airing of the show, promising in no uncertain terms that the NTV managers "should consider themselves finished" if they went ahead with the broadcast.Alexander Goldfarb and Marina Litvinenko, Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB (2007), The Free Press, , p. 198.
Eviction of management (2000–2001)
On 11 May 2000, tax police, backed by officers from the general prosecutor's office and the FSB, stormed the Moscow headquarters of NTV and Media-Most and searched the premises for 12 hours. Critics considered this move politically motivated, as NTV voiced opposition to Putin since his presidential electoral campaign. Putin denied any involvement.
Viktor Shenderovich claimed that an unnamed top government official requested NTV to exclude the puppet of Putin from Kukly. Виктор Шендерович (Viktor Shenderovich), Здесь Было НТВ, ТВ-6, ТВС: Обстоятельства непреодолимой сил (Zdes' bilo NTV, TV-6, TVS: Obstoyatel'ctva nepreodolimoi sil, "Here was NTV, TV-6, TVS: Force Majeure"), 2003, on a site of interviews and articles mainly by TV host Svetlana Sorokina. Computer translation. Accordingly, in the following episode of the show, called "Ten Commandments", the puppet of Putin was replaced with a cloud covering the top of a mountain and a burning bush.
The program Itogi went on investigating corruption in the Russian government and the autumn 1999 blasts in Russia.
On 13 June 2000, Gusinsky was detained as a suspect in the General Prosecutor Office's criminal investigation of fraud between his Media-Most holding, Russkoye Video – 11th Channel Ltd. and the federal enterprise Russkoye Video. At the time, Media-Most was involved in a dispute over the loan received from Gazprom. On the third day, however, he was released under the written undertaking not to leave the country. Елена Курасова (Elena Kurasova), Телекнязь Кара-Мурза (Telekiyaz' Kara-Murza, "Tele-prince Kara-Murza"), Stringer.ru, 1 March 2003.
On 15 July, the puppet of Putin acted in the Kukly show as Girolamo Savonarola.
On 19 July, investigators of the office of the Prosecutor General of Russia came to Gusinsky's home, distrained and arrested his property.
In a surprisingly informal deal, the charges against Gusinsky were lifted after he signed an agreement with Mikhail Lesin, Minister of Media, on 20 July. Under the "shares for freedom" transaction or Protocol No.6 (Протокол N.6. Доля свободы) agreement, Gusinsky would discharge his debts by selling Media-Most to Gazprom-Media, which had held a 30% share of NTV since 1996, for the price imposed by the latter, and was given a guarantee that he would not be prosecuted. After leaving the country, Gusinsky claimed he was pressured to sign the agreement by the prospect of the criminal investigation. Media-Most refused to comply with the agreement.
Tax authorities brought a suit against Media-Most aiming to wind it up.
On 26 January 2001, Gazprom announced that it had acquired a controlling stake of 46% in NTV. The voting rights of a 19% stake held by Media-Most was frozen by a court decision.Gazprom Takes Control of NTV, Kagan World Media, Ltd. 26 January 2001. Archived on the Internet Archive 28 March 2006.
Putin met with leading NTV journalists on 29 January, but the meeting changed nothing. The parties reasserted their positions; Putin denied any involvement and said that he could not interfere with the prosecutors and courts.Viktor Shenderovich, "Tales From Hoffman" (sic) (48–57), Index on Censorship, Volume 37, Number 1, 2008, p. 53.
Around that time American media mogul Ted Turner (owner and founder of the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner) appeared to be going to buy Gusinsky's share, but this has never happened.
On 3 April, Gazprom Media headed by Alfred Kokh by violating the procedure conducted a shareholders' meeting which removed Kiselyov from the NTV Director General position.
Gazprom era (2001–present)
On 14 April 2001, Gazprom took over NTV by force and brought in its own management team. Its director-general Yevgeniy Kiselyov was replaced by Boris Jordan. Many leading journalists, including Yevgeniy Kiselyov, Svetlana Sorokina, Viktor Shenderovich, Vladimir A. Kara-Murza, Dmitry Dibrov, left the company. Leonid Parfyonov and Tatyana Mitkova remained. Kiselyov's Itogi program was closed down, replaced by Parfyonov's Namedni.
Citizens concerned by the threat to the freedom of speech in Russia argued that the financial pressure was inspired by Vladimir Putin's government, which was often subject to criticism by NTV. Some tens of thousands of Russians rallied to the call of dissident NTV journalists in order to support the old NTV staff in April 2001. Within the next couple of years, two independent TV channels which absorbed the former NTV journalists, TV-6 and TVS, were also shut down.Viktor Shenderovich, "Tales From Hoffman" (sic) (48–57), Index on Censorship, Volume 37, Number 1, 2008, p. 55. Discusses TV-6.
In January 2003, Boris Jordan was ousted as director general and replaced by Nikolay Senkevich, son of Channel One presenter Yuri Senkevich.Tom Birchenough, Senkevich bounds to top NTV slot, Variety, 23 January 2003. A few days earlier he was also discharged from the director-general position of Media-Most, where he had replaced Alfred Kokh in October 2001. Insiders claimed that Jordan was sacked because NTV had carried a live translation of the culmination of the Moscow theater siege in October 2002 and had been too critical of the way authorities handled it.
Since then, entertaining talk shows became more prominent on NTV, rather than political programmes. However, unlike other leading TV channels in Russia, NTV went on reporting on-the-fly about some opposition activities and government failures, including the conflagrating fire of the Moscow Manege on the day of the Russian presidential elections on 14 March 2004, and the assassination of the pro-Russian President of Chechnya Akhmad Kadyrov on Victory Day, 9 May 2004.
On 1 June 2004, Leonid Parfyonov, one of the last leading journalists from the old NTV staff who remained, and who was still critical of the government, was ousted from the channel, and his weekly news commentary programme Namedni was taken off the air.Nick Paton Walsh, Television station sacks Kremlin's last critic, The Guardian (UK), 3 June 2004.Leonid Parfenov Sacked from NTV , Kommersant (Russia), 2 June 2004. Its last announced episode never aired. Shortly before this, Parfyonov had been forbidden to present an interview with Malika Yandarbieva, widow of Chechen rebel leader Zelimkhan Yandarbiev. Yandarbiev had been assassinated in exile in Qatar earlier that year. Parfyonov had shared this decision with the public on 31 May.Maria Luisa Tirmaste, "It Was a Request We Couldn't Refuse" , Kommersant (Russia), 31 May 2004.
On 5 July 2004, Senkevich was replaced by (b. 1952) as director general of NTV.Simon Saradzhyan, Kulistikov Appointed New Chief of NTV, The Moscow Times, 6 July 2004. Tamara Gavrilova, formerly a fellow student with Vladimir Putin at Leningrad State University, was appointed deputy director general. Виктор Шендерович (Viktor Shenderovich), Венеролог Басаев, однокурсница президента, а также – почему Зюганов пожаловался Путину на него самого, (Venerolog Basayev, Odnokurisnitsa prezidenta, a takzhe – pochemu Zuganov pochalovalsya Putinu na nego samogo, "Venerolog Basayev, president of Odnokurisnitsa and – why Zuganov complained to Putin himself") Novaya Gazeta, 19 July 2004.