List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe

This is a list of all present sovereign states in Europe and their predecessors, according to the concept of succession of states. The political borders of Europe are difficult to define. The geographical borders between Europe and Asia are generally agreed to be the Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Black Sea, the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.

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List

Sovereign state Predecessors Albania Illyrians Illyrian kingdom (c. 650 - c. 135 BC) Part of the Roman Empire, within the province of Macedonia (148 BC – 324 AD) Part of the , within the province of Macedonia (324–1190) Principality of Arbanon (1190–1255) (1190–1204) (1205–1255) Kingdom of Albania (1272–1368) Kingdom of Sicily (1258–1368) (1396–1417) (1346–1417) (1346–1355) Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto (1358–1374) Despotate of Arta (1359–1416) Princedom of Albania (1368–1392) (1386–1418) Principality of Dukagjini (1387–1444) Principality of Kastrioti (1389–1444) (1420–1797) League of Lezhë (1444 – ) Ottoman Empire (1479–1912) Independent Albania (1912–1914) Principality of Albania (1914–1925) Albanian Republic (1925–1928) Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944) Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976) People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1991) (1991–present) Andorra County of Urgell (843–1133) (1133–1208) County of Foix (1208–1607/1610) Principality of Catalonia (1173-1714) (1278–present) Armenia Kingdom of Armenia (331 BC – 428) Roman Armenia (114–118 AD)Sassanian (Persian) Armenia (252–299; 363–428; 428–646) – Province (largely autonomous vassal principalities) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates (654–884) Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia (884–1045) (dependent) (979–1118) (dependent) (987–1170) Kingdom of Artsakh (dependent) (1000–1261) (1071–1124) (1124–1386): Zakarid Armenia (1201–1360) Ilkhanate (1260–1335)Principality of Khachen (1261–1603) (1386–1502): Safavid dynasty (1502–1736), Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796), Qajar dynasty (1789–1828) (1586–1828) (1828–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) (1918–1920) Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936)(republic of the Soviet Union) Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (republic of the Soviet Union) (1991–present) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991) Austria (976–1156) Duchy of Austria (1156–1453) Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804) (1804–1867) Cisleithania (1867–1918) Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919) First Austrian Republic (1919–1934) Federal State of Austria (1934–1938) German Reich (1938–1945) (1945–present) Azerbaijan Achaemenid Empire (549 – 331 BC) Caucasian Albania (2nd century BC – 705) Shirvanshah (861–1539) Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468) Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501) Safavid Empire (1501–1736) Russian Empire (1813–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist RepublicISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-4 changed the official name of Azerbaijan from "Azerbaijani Republic" to "Republic of Azerbaijan" and changed the spelling of "Kazakstan" to "Kazakhstan". (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union) (1991–present) Belarus (879–1240) Principality of Polotsk (987–1307) (10th century – 14th century) (1251–1263) Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1263–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793) (1793–1917) Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919) Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (1919; 1920–1922) Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1920) Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991 and UN member 1945–1991) (1991–present) Belgium Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1794) – Spanish Netherlands (1556–1713) and Austrian Netherlands (1713–1797) France (1797–1815) (1815–1830) (1830–present) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1154–1377) (1377–1463) (1463–1878) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) (1918–1929) (1929–1943) (1943–1946) (1945–1992) (1945–1992) Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995) (1995–present) Bulgaria Odrysian kingdom (480 BC – 30 BC)"Many Thracian survivals have been detected in the sphere of Bulgarian national costume and folk tradition." The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest, David Marshall Lang, Westview Press, 1976, , p. 27."A detailed analysis is made of the assimilation process which took place between Slavs and Thracians. It ended in the triumph of the Slav element and in the ultimate disappearance of the Thracian ethnos...Attention is drawn to the fact that even though assimilated, the Thracian ethnicon left behind traces of its existence (in toponymy, the lexical wealth of the Bulgarian language, religious beliefs, material culture, etc.) which should be extensively studied in all their aspects in the future..." For more see: Димитър Ангелов, Образуване на българската народност, (Издателство Наука и изкуство, "Векове", София, 1971) pp. 409–410. (Summary in English ). Paeonia (kingdom) Tylis (277 -212 BC) (30 BC – 46 AD) Province of Thracia, Roman Empire (46–395) Province of Thracia (395–628) (628–680) (Utigurs, Kutrigurs, Onogurs?) (469 – 632) Old Great Bulgaria (632–668) First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018):: (1018–1185) Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396/1422) Despotate of Dobruja (1356 - 1411) Tsardom of Vidin (1356 - 1396) Ottoman Bulgaria (1396/1422–1878) Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) (sovereignty within Ottoman Empire) (1908–1946) People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990) (1990–present) Croatia Cyprus Macedonian Empire (333–323 BC), Hellenistic States (323–58 BC) Roman Republic (58–27 BC), Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD) (395–1191) Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489 AD), (1489–1570) (1570–1914) Crown Colony of Cyprus (1914–1960) (1960–present) Czech Republic (833–902) Duchy of Bohemia (c.870–1198) Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1804) (1804–1867) Cisleithania (1867–1918) Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) German Reich (1939–1945) – Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945) Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1960) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992) (1993–present) Denmark ( – present) (1016–1035) Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Estonia Terra Mariana (1207–1561) Swedish Empire (1561–1721) Governorate of Estonia (1721–1918) (1940–1991) (de facto republic of the Soviet Union) (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present) Finland Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Sweden (–1809) Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) (1917–present) France Part of the Roman Empire, within the province of Roman Gaul (1st century BC-5th century AD) Gallic Empire (260 - 274) (481–800) (800–843) (843–987) Lotharingia (855 - 959) Duchy of Normandy (911 - 1259) Duchy of Brittany (939–1532) (987–1791) French Kingdom (1791–1792) French First Republic (1792–1804) First French Empire (1804–1814; 1815) Kingdom of France (1814–1815; 1815–1830) July Monarchy (1830–1848) French Second Republic (1848–1852) Second French Empire (1852–1870) French Third Republic (1870–1940) French State (1940–1944) Free France (1940–1944) Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944–1946) French Republic (1946–present) Georgia Kingdom of Abkhazia (778–1008) (c. 301 BC – 580) (580–891) (mostly titular revival) (891–1008) Roman Empire Theme of Iberia (1001–1074) Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1465) Kingdom of Imereti (1463–1810) Kingdom of Kartli (1484–1762) Kingdom of Kakheti (1465–1762) Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762–1801) (1801–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922) (republic of the Soviet Union) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (republic of the Soviet Union) Republic of Georgia (1990–1995) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991) (1995–present) Germany Germanic tribes (5th century BC – 3rd century AD) Part of the Roman Empire, within the provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior (83 AD – 475 AD) Alamannia (213 - 911) (6th century - 804) (800–843) (843–919) (919–962) Holy Roman Empire (800/962–1806)Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) (client states of the French Empire) and Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871) German Confederation (1815–1848) German Reich (1848–1849) German Confederation (1849–1866) North German Confederation (1866–1871) German Reich (1871–1918) German Reich (1919–1933) and Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935) (French League of Nations mandate) German Reich (1934–1945) Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949) (West Germany) (1949–1990), West Berlin (1949–1990), Saar Protectorate (1947–1956) (French protectorate) and (East Germany) (1949–1990) (1990–present) (Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic, it is not a successor state) Greece Minoan civilisation (3500 - 1100 BC)

Mycenaean Greece (1750 - 1050 BC)

(900–146 BC) Hellenic League (338–332 BC)

Macedonian Empire (335–323 BC – Macedonian Kingdom existed since 808 BC)

Delian League (488 - 404 BC) Aetolian League (4th century - 188 BC) Hellinistic States (323–146 BC) Achaean League (280 - 146 BC) Roman Republic (146–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD) (395–1204, 1261–1453), Despotate of Epirus (1205–1337, 1356–1479 Byzantine Successor), Crusader/Feudal/Latin States: Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261), Duchy of Athens (1205–1458), Principality of Achaea (1205–1432), Genoa (1261–1566), Venice (c. 1200s–1479) (c.1300s–1920), Kingdom of Candia (1205–1669), Kingdom of the Morea (1688–1715), Ionian Islands under Venetian rule (1363–1797), French Republic (1797–1799 Ionian Islands), Septinsular Republic (1800–1815) Hellenic State (1822–1832) (named "Provisional Administration of Greece" from 1822–1828), United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864) (1832–1924), Cretan State (1896–1913) (autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire), Free State of Icaria (1912) Hellenic Republic (1924–1935) (1935–1941) Hellenic State (1941–1944) (Puppet state of Italy and Germany (1941–43), Puppet state of Germany (1943–44), Government in Exile (September–October 1944)) (1944–1973) (1973–present) Hungary( (895–1000) Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1526) (1526–1867) Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1526–1551, 1556–1570), Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), Grand Principality of Transylvania (1711–1848, 1849–1867) Hungarian State (1849) (1867–1918) (1918–1919) (1919) (1919–1920) (1920–1946) (1946–1949) (1949–1989) (1989–2012) (2012–present) Iceland Icelandic Free State (930–1262) Kingdom of Norway (1262–1397) (1397–1536) Denmark–Norway (1536–1814) (1814–1918) Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) (1944–present) Ireland (300 BC – 100 AD)Gaelic Kingdoms (1st century – 1541) (1542–1651) (1653–1659) (1659–1800) (1801–1922) (1922–1937) (1937–present) Italy Etruscan city states (900 BC–27 BC), Magna Graecia (8th century - 212 BC), Latin League (8th century - 338 BC)