The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome:

Ancient Rome – former civilization that thrived on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world.Chris Scarre, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (London: Penguin Books, 1995).

Essence of Ancient Rome

Civilization Classical antiquity Ancient Rome Greco-Roman world

Geography of ancient Rome

Roman provinces Achaia Africa Alpes Graiae et Poeninae Arabia Petraea Arcadia Aegypti Asia Assyria Bithynia and Pontus Britannia Byzacena Cappadocia Cilicia Coele Syria Crete and Cyrenaica Cyprus Dacia Dacia Aureliana Dalmatia Danubian provinces Dardania Egypt Galatia Gallia Aquitania Gallia Belgica Gallia Lugdunensis Gallia Narbonensis Gaul Germania Antiqua Germania Inferior Germania Superior Hispania Baetica Hispania Balearica Hispania Carthaginensis Hispania Citerior Hispania Tarraconensis Illyricum Islands Judea Lycia et Pamphylia Lusitania Macedonia Mauretania Caesariensis Mauretania Tingitana Mesopotamia Moesia Numidia Pannonia Inferior Pannonia Prima Pannonia Savia Pannonia Secunda Pannonia Superior Pannonia Valeria Raetia Sardinia and Corsica Sicilia Syria Tres Alpes Alpes Cottiae Alpes Graiae et Poeninae Alpes Maritimae

Cities founded by the Romans Climate of ancient Rome Demography of the Roman Empire Roman geographers Topography of ancient Rome Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae (1993–2000)

Government and politics of ancient Rome

Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Princeps senatus Populares Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Pontifex maximus Augustus Caesar SPQR Tetrarch Triumvirate Dictator Decemviri

Political institutions of ancient Rome

Political institutions of ancient Rome of ancient Rome in general Roman Senate Roman assemblies Curiate Assembly Centuriate Assembly Tribal Assembly Plebeian Council Executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom Senate of the Roman Kingdom Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom Executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom of the Roman Republic Senate of the Roman Republic Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic Executive magistrates of the Roman Republic of the Roman Empire Senate of the Roman Empire Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Empire Executive magistrates of the Roman Empire

Magistrates

Roman magistrate

Ordinary magistrates

Ordinary magistrate Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor

Extraordinary magistrates

Extraordinary magistrate Dictator Master of the Horse Decemviri Consular tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex

Roman law

Roman law Constitution (Roman law) Roman laws Twelve Tables Roman citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status in Roman legal system Roman litigation Roman Constitution History of the Roman Constitution Constitution of the Roman Kingdom History of the Constitution of the Roman Kingdom Constitution of the Roman Republic History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic Constitutional reforms of Sulla Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar Constitution of the Roman Empire History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire Constitution of the Late Roman Empire History of the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire (post Diocletian)

Military of ancient Rome

Military of ancient Rome Roman generals Weapons Ballista Battering ram Catapulta Gladius Onager Pilum Scorpio Siege tower Spatha Roman military diploma Honesta missio Praetorian Guard Victory titles

Roman armed forces Roman army Early Roman army Roman army of the mid-Republic Roman army of the late Republic Imperial Roman army Late Roman army East Roman army Size of the Roman army Troops Alae Cohorts Auxiliaries Alpine regiments of the Roman army Cavalry Turmae Centuriae Contubernia Legions Vexillationes Limitanei Numeri Maniples Palatini Roman infantry tactics Testudo formation Military equipment Roman military personal equipment Roman siege engines Navy Fleet Decorations and punishments Roman triumph Ovation Decimatio Fustuarium Economics of the Roman army Roman military clothing

Military history of Rome

Military history of ancient Rome Borders of the Roman Empire Roman military frontiers and fortifications Castra Military engineering of ancient Rome Military establishment of the Roman kingdom Military establishment of the Roman Republic Political history of the Roman military Strategy of the Roman military Structural history of the Roman military Technological history of the Roman military

Military conflict

Campaign history of the Roman military Roman wars Roman battles Battle of Cannae Battle of Cape Ecnomus Battle of Actium

General history of ancient Rome

Roman era History of Rome Founding of Rome Kingdom of Rome Kings of Rome

Roman Republic Conflict of the Orders (494-287 BC) Punic Wars (264-146 BC) – series of three wars fought between Rome and ancient Carthage First Punic War (264-241 BC) Ebro Treaty Second Punic War (218-201 BC) – marked by Hannibal's surprising overland journey and his costly crossing of the Alps, followed by his reinforcement by Gaulish allies and crushing victories over Roman armies in the battle of the Trebia and the giant ambush at Trasimene. Hannibal – Punic Carthaginian military commander, generally considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, but a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama. Conquests of Hannibal Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps Battle of the Trebia Battle of Lake Trasimene Battle of Cannae Battle of Zama – marked the final and decisive end of the Second Punic War. A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeated a Carthaginian force led by the legendary commander Hannibal. Soon after this defeat on their home ground, the Carthaginian senate sued for peace, which was given to them by the Roman Republic on rather humiliating terms, ending the 17-year war. Third Punic War (149-146 BC) – involved an extended siege of Carthage, ending in the city's thorough destruction. The resurgence of the struggle can be explained by growing anti-Roman agitations in Hispania and Greece, and the visible improvement of Carthaginian wealth and martial power in the fifty years since the Second Punic War. Siege of Carthage (c. 149 BC) Crisis of the Roman Republic (134 BC-44 BC) – extended period of political instability and social unrest that culminated in the demise of the Roman Republic and the advent of the Roman Empire. Assassination of Julius Caesar Roman Empire Principate (27 BC-284 AD) – first period of the Roman Empire, extending from the beginning of the reign of Caesar Augustus to the Crisis of the Third Century, after which it was replaced with the Dominate. During the Principate, the constitution of the Roman Republic was never formally abolished. It was amended in such a way as to maintain a politically correct façade of Republican government. This ended following the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284), during the reign of Diocletian. Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC-68 AD) – the first five Roman Emperors, including Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula (also known as Gaius), Claudius, and Nero. The dynasty ended when Nero committed suicide. Augustus Tiberius (ruled 14-37 AD) – stepson of Augustus. He was one of Rome's greatest generals, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania; laying the foundations for the northern frontier. But he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men."Pliny the Elder, Natural Histories XXVIII.5.23. Caligula Claudius Nero Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD) – these four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. Vespasian's rule marked the beginning of the Flavian dynasty. Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Flavian dynasty (69-96 AD) Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96-192 AD) – dynasty of seven Roman Emperors who ruled over the Roman Empire from 96 AD to 192 AD. These Emperors were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, and Commodus. Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Severan dynasty (193-235 AD) Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 AD) – period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. The Crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Alexander Severus at the hands of his own troops, initiating a fifty-year period in which 20–25 claimants to the title of Emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire. Barracks emperor – any Roman Emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of the army. Barracks emperors were especially common in the period from 235 through 284, during the Crisis of the Third Century. List of barracks emperors Gallic Empire (260-274 AD) – modern name for a breakaway realm of the Roman Empire, founded by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (briefly) Hispania. Palmyrene Empire (260-273) – splinter empire, that broke away from the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. It encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. Dominate (284-476 AD) – 'despotic' latter phase of government in the ancient Roman Empire from the conclusion of the Third Century Crisis until the collapse of the Western Empire. The Emperor Diocletian abandoned the appearances of the Republic for the sake of control, and introduced a novel system of joint rule by four monarchs known as the Tetrarchy. Decline of the Roman Empire – process spanning many centuries; there is no consensus when it might have begun but many dates and time lines have been proposed by historians. Tetrarchy (293-313 AD) – Diocletian designated the general Maximian as co-emperor, first as Caesar (junior emperor) in 285, and then promoted him to Augustus in 286. Diocletian took care of matters in the Eastern regions of the Empire while Maximian similarly took charge of the Western regions. In 293, feeling more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, Diocletian, with Maximian's consent, expanded the imperial college by appointing two Caesars (one responsible to each Augustus). The tetrarchy collapsed, however, in 313 and a few years later Constantine I reunited the two administrative divisions of the Empire as sole Augustus. First Tetrarchy – created by Diocletian with Maximian's consent in 293 by the appointment of two subordinate Caesars. Diocletian (Augustus) Galerius (Caesar) Maximian (Augustus) Constantius Chlorus (Caesar) Second Tetrarchy – in 305, the senior emperors jointly abdicated and retired, elevating Constantius and Galerius to the rank of Augusti. They in turn appointed two new Caesars. Galerius (Augustus) Maximinus (Caesar) Constantius Chlorus (Augustus) Flavius Valerius Severus (Caesar) Civil wars of the Tetrarchy – series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire, starting in 306 AD with the usurpation of Maxentius and the defeat of Severus, and ending with the defeat of Licinius at the hands of Constantine I in 324 AD.