Lorrain, also known as Lorrain Romance, is a langue d'oïl spoken by a minority of people in the region of Lorraine in northeastern France as well as in some parts of Alsace and Gaume in Belgium. Its use declined at the beginning of the 21st century, having been in serious decline since the 1930s. Despite this, more and more people are taking an interest in it in the 21st century, including linguists who study it.
It is a regional language of France. In Wallonia, it is known as Gaumais and enjoys official recognition as a regional language. It has been influenced by Lorraine Franconian and Luxembourgish, West Central German languages spoken in nearby or overlapping areas.
Lorrain was also spoken in the high valleys of the Vosges, and there it retained archaic forms such as the preservation of affricates (tchaté for château);Louis Remacle, La différenciation dialectale en Belgique romane avant 1600, Bibliothèque de la faculté de philosophie et lettres de l’université de Liège, Presses universitaires de Liège, Librairie DROZ S.A, 1971 ; la Revue de Philologie française, au tome 18, , ne parle pas directement des Vosges mais cite « tchité » et « tchaté » en Haute-Saône pour « château ». on the Alsatian side (Pays welche), we distinguish Welche, which is related to the dialects of the Eastern Vosges.
It is often referred to as a patois.
Variations The Linguasphere Observatory distinguishes seven variants:
Argonnais (Argonne, Woëvre, eastern French Ardennes, Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle) Longovician (Longwy, Longuyon, northern Meurthe-et-Moselle) Gaumais (arrondissement of Virton, cantons of Montmédy and Stenay in Meuse and the canton of Carignan in Ardennes) Messin (Metz, Metzgau and all of French-speaking Moselle) Nancéien (Nancy, southern Meurthe-et-Moselle) Spinalian (Épinal, central Vosges) Deodatian (Saint-Dié, Hautes-Vosges)
After 1870, members of the Stanislas Academy in Nancy noted 132 variants of Lorrain from Thionville in the north to Rupt-sur-Moselle in the south, which means that main variants have sub-variants.
History
Under the Ancien Régime, as in Lorrain, which was still independent, education was a religious matter. From the beginning of the 17th century, the Bishop of Toul mandated that each parish have a school, which was implemented. The "schoolmasters" trained in French, then taught in French. While the children continued to speak the local dialect, they incorporated many neologisms of French origin into their mother tongue. It is likely that many Lorrain words phonetically close to French saw their pronunciation shift towards the latter from this point onward. Thus, a kind of linguistic transformation occurred from this period onward.
The French Revolution's motto was one nation, one language, which some interpreted as one nation, one single language. Regional languages were thus subjected to fierce attacks in a wide variety of forms from the revolutionary period until the beginning of the 20th century. However, it is deeply unfair to place the blame for the decline of regional languages solely on secular schoolteachers, even those who were staunch defenders of the Republic. This attributes to them more influence than they actually possessed, even if some of them did employ highly coercive methods. Other education officials also worked extensively to transmit this intangible heritage. Léon Zéliqzon was a university professor when he published his seminal work: Dictionnaire des patois romans de Moselle. He had been preceded in this by Lucien Adam, who wrote his lexicon Les patois lorrains, drawing on the contributions of local correspondents, mostly schoolteachers. Henri Labourasse, who is the author of the Glossaire abrégé des patois de la Meuse, was also an officer of Public Instruction.
The definitive abandonment of Lorrain was primarily economic and social in nature. The beginning of the second half of the 19th century saw a massive internal exodus. The population, until then essentially rural, moved to the cities in search of work in the newly emerging industries. While language did not significantly hinder obtaining factory jobs during periods of full employment, speaking the national language was essential for climbing the corporate ladder. The same was true for securing a highly coveted position in the 19th century civil service. The people of Lorraine, and especially Lorraine mothers, quickly understood that French was the language of social advancement and imposed it on their children from a very young age. The monographs written for each town in preparation for the 1889 Exposition Universelle provide valuable information for assessing the state of the regional language. At that time, Lorrain Romance was still known to all but the majority of rural Lorrainers spoke French, outside German Lorraine.
Georges Tronquart, in his work Trois patois de la colline inspirée, provides several examples of the evolution of the regional language in his village. In 1890, the children of Saxon-Sion addressed adults in patois, but by 1900, they were answering adults in French, even those who addressed them in patois. The Saxon-Sion town council meetings were held in patois until 1910. Mr. Thirion, born and died in Saxon-Sion, never uttered a word of French before 1914; he didn't speak a word of patois again after 1918. Conversely, the same author is surprised that the young girls of Praye were still speaking patois among themselves in 1923.
The situation evolved quite differently in the Moselle department. Its annexation in 1871 sparked a renewed interest in the two local languages. In both cases, this allowed for the assertion of local identity and offered the added advantage of not being understood by the "Old Germans" (for the Romance dialect) and even by most of them (for the Germanic dialects). While Standard German was the official language of the Reichsland, French remained the language of administration and education in municipalities considered Francophonie, and its use remained tolerated elsewhere (even if frowned upon by some). In the biography of Hubert Vion, parish priest of Bazoncourt from 1869 to 1896 and author of several works on the Lorrain Romance dialect, it is recounted that he had the audacity to address a compliment in the Romance dialect to Emperor Wilhelm II during a visit to the region.Commune de Bazoncourt : Bulletin Communal, No. 72, juillet 2017 (lire en ligne) Thus, while Lorrain Romance underwent a very clear and rapid decline in Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse and the Vosges, it experienced a certain revival in Moselle. It was only from 1945 onwards that it ceased to be spoken in this department.
Toponymy In Old Lorrain, the phoneme formed by the letter X and its " French-style " pronunciation did not exist. The letter X, present in numerous place names and some Lorrain surnames, originated as a spelling error. Émile Badel, in his Dictionnaire des noms de rues à Nancy denounces "the verbal corruption of Lorrain place names containing the letter 'x'." He explains that this letter replaced the Greek letter <χ>, whose phonetics are entirely different. To clearly express his disapproval, he concludes the discussion with these words: "The modern incorrect pronunciation is therefore merely the result of a kind of pedantry that presumes to know how to read correctly".Émile Badel, Dictionnaire historique des rues de Nancy de 1903 à 1905, page 317, Nancy, Imprimerie Louis Kreis (lire en ligne) Others believe that it was the advent of printing, with its limited set of typefaces, that brought about the substitution between <χ> and <x>.
Originally, the Lorrain phoneme, now misspelled <x>, was a sound [x] resembling the German <ch>, the Spanish jota, or the Breton <c'h> , a sound also found, for example, in Arabic and Russian. In late 19th and early 20th century Lorrain Romance studies, this phoneme is written <hh> by philologists (see, among others, the works of Léon Zéliqzon).
In surnames of Lorrain origin and in Lorrain place names, the pronunciation of the letter <x> is, depending on the case, indicated as <ch, c, s, ss> and <z> in 18th and 19th century works; for example , the pronunciations of Xertigny and Xivray-et-Marvoisin are given as "Certigny" and "Sivray" in 1756,Antoine Augustin Calmet, Notice de la Lorraine, Nancy, 1756 the pronunciations of Xocourt and Vaxy are given as "Chocourt" and "Vachi" in 1861,Société d'archéologie lorraine, Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie lorraine, 2nd série, 3rd volume, 1861 while the x in Saint-Max is silent at that time: "mâ". Regarding this last town, at the end of the 20th century, one could still hear former inhabitants pronouncing a guttural and very muffled [ʁ], barely audible, at the end of the place name. Example: Saint-Mâr. This "devoicing" of the last letter was not rare. It occurred on the final [e] of Toul pronounced Toue. It is important to understand the difference between this "devoicing" and the elision found in Foug (Fou in Lorrain), in Einville-au-Jard (Einville-au-Ja) and especially in Art-sur-Meurthe (É-su-Meu).
Around Charmes and Épinal, place names with <x> were pronounced [s] until the end of the 20th century: Nomexy was pronounced Nome'si, Vaubexy was pronounced Vaube'si, Ubexy was pronounced Ube'si.
The evolution of name pronunciations in the 19th and 20th centuries is probably not a new phenomenon. It is important to bear in mind that these pronunciations are those of a given historical period and that they were probably very different earlier in history.
Some examples of localities in Romanesque Lorrain from the 19th century:Ernest de Bouteiller, Dictionnaire topographique de l'ancien département de la Moselle, rédigé en 1868 sous les auspices de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle, Paris, Imprimerie nationaleHenri Lepage, Dictionnaire topographique du département de la Meurthe, Paris, Imprimerie impériale, 1862 S'li en Sauneu (Silly-en-Saulnois), Aumanv'lé (Amanvillers), Auvlé (Avillers), Circo (Circourt), Ronco (Roncourt), Ansrevelle (Ancerville), Fieuvelle (Fléville), Lech'ire (Lixières), Méch'ly (Marsilly), Ma-lai-tô (Mars-la-Tour), Mékieuf (Mécleuves), Bieu (Beux), Monteu (Montoy), Augondange/Agondanche (Hagondange), Souagsonche (Xouaxange), Chaméni (Xermaménil), Lovni (Louvigny), Coïni (Colligny), Ponteu (Pontoy), Pinaud (Épinal), Giromouè (Gérardmer), Rambièlè (Rambervillers), Nanceye (Nancy), Lâchou (Laxou), L'nainville (Lunéville), Sallebo (Sarrebourg), Ouëpy (Woippy), Virtang (Virton).
Many Lorrain words are found in street names in Metz, including ailli, les rues Wad-Billy, de la Baue, aux Ossons, Paille-Maille, Chambière, Coffe Millet, Taison, de Saulnerie, en Fournirue, en Chandelerue. In Nancy: porte de la Craffe, sentier de la Teulotte, rues de la Boudière, de la Foucotte, des Michottes, de la croix d'Auyot, de l'Atrie. In Malzéville: l'Embanie, du Salvon, du Chazeau. In Laxou: Com des Chicottes ; dans cette ville, le nom lorrain rue du Chaucheu a été traduit en rue du Pressoi. In Épinal: l'Atre, rues du Boudiou, Vautrin (patronyme lorrain), du Saulcy, des Béguinettes, de la Maix. In Moyen: la Ouette charrière. In Dombasle-sur-Meurthe: l'Embanie, du Couaroil, de Behard.
Features Linguist Stephanie Russo noted the difference of a 'second' imperfect and pluperfect tense between Lorrain and Standard French. It is derived from Latin grammar that is no longer used in modern French.
Declamation Since the number of speakers was very small in 2019, it is possible to listen to Aesop's fable, "la bise et le soleil", in several variants of Lorrain Romance from the page Atlas sonore des langues régionales de France,. in France hexagonale.