Manado Malay, Manadonese, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is , and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and Ternate loan words, as well as having traits such as its use of as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon. For example, the pronouns ('you', singular) and ('you', plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin. Manado Malay has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.
Phonology Vowels The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.
+Manado Malay vowelsFrontCentralBackHighMidLow
Consonants Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.
+Manado Malay consonantsLabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottalNasalPlosive Fricative Lateral Trill Semivowel
Letter-to-sound correspondences
Consonants Source: +Non-digraphsLetterIPAExamplesWord meaningbbudo'(adj., adv.) light-skinnedccokodidi(adj., v.) hyperactive person — in the sense of "could not sit still"ddodu'(n., v.) hiccupffalo-falo(n.) water dipperv (interchangeable with f)veto(v.) to rebukeggoro(n.) rubber (material), rubber bandhhaga(v.) to starejjatung(v.) to fall downkkarlota(adj., n., v.) gossipy, gossip, or to gossip — a slang that emerged in the 1990s, thanks to Carlota, a gossipy servant in María la del Barrio.lli'u(v.) to trip on one foot onlymmner(n.) mister, sirnnae(adj., v.) to go up, to move uppparampuang(n., adj., v.) female, femininerrabu-rabu(adj., v., adv.) quick in a hurried mannerss'hal(n.) bowl, basinttindis(v.) to presswwowo'(adj., v.) mute personyyaki(n.) Celebes crested macaque — having the connotation of "stupid" or "dirty" if used in comparison with a personz (usually used in loanwords)zigzag(adj., v.) zigzag' (very rarely written)nyanda'(det.) no +DigraphsLetter sequenceIPAExamplesWord meaningkh (very rare, mostly realized as )khas(adj.) special, unique tokwkwa'(int.) particle that is used to express pity, frustration, or assertion when one didn't follow the locutor's suggestions or commands (ex. So bilang akang kwa' mar ngana cuma jba kabal! "I told you but you just won't listen!")kykyapa(adv., int.) whyngngale-ngale(adj., adv.) leisurely slownynyong(n.) boysy (starting to become outdated), sh (modern)syalom / shalom(int.) Shalom
Vowels +Non-diphthongLetterIPAExamplesWord meaningNoteaaju(v.) to mockingly mimic someoneeenteru(adj., adv.) all, wholeOften realized as empedu(n.) bileMust be a loanword (either from Indonesian, English, or other languages) to be truly realized as , otherwise would disappear or shift to or . Some accent (like Tomohon or Tondano) tend to preserve the sound from loanwords when compared to the others (such as Manado) where it would shift. But given the nationalization of Indonesian, the younger generation starts to implement more in their speech, fully or partially decreolizing the words.iiyo(det.) yesoofor(v.) to pass or hand something overuuba(n.) medicine
Stress Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable: 'chair' 'half' 'money'
However, there are also many words with final stress: 'right, correct, true' 'egg; testicle' 'fast' Note that the accents is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the stressed syllable.
Grammar
Pronouns Personal PronounStandard IndonesianManado MalayFirst singularFirst pluralSecond singularSecond pluralThird singularThird plural
Possessives Possessives are built by adding to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".
EnglishManado MalayMy friendYour () friendHis/her bookThis book is yours ()
Interrogative words The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:
EnglishManado Malaywhykyapawherewhowhich one(s)
Grammatical aspect ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.: = 'They already went down to Wenang (the indigenous name for Manado)' = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already'
Nasal final The final nasals and in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar to the Terengganu dialect of Malaysia (as well as other languages in Sulawesi such as Buginese and Makassarese), e.g.: (Indonesian ) = 'to eat', (Indonesian ) = 'to walk', (Indonesian ) = 'to shower', etc.
Prefix "ba-" prefix The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'walking'), (, 'swimming'), (, 'laying eggs')
"ma(°)-" prefix ° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.
The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'hooking fish'), (, 'dancing'), (, 'searching'), (, 'cooking'), (, 'crying').
Influences Loanwords Due to the historical presence of the Dutch and the Portuguese in eastern Indonesia, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages. However, there is little influence from the local Minahasan languages, and borrowings from Spanish are not very prominent either – in spite of the historical Spanish dominance – suggesting that Manado Malay was transplanted from outside the Minahasa region. On the other hand, Portuguese influence is comparatively significant, considering that the Portuguese presence in the area was relatively limited. There is also some influence of loanwords from another Austronesian language group called Gorontalo–Mongondow languages. There is also a layer of loanwords from the non-Austronesian language of Ternate, which was controlled by the Portuguese in the period 1512–1655.
Standard IndonesianManado Malay loanwordSource languageSource wordEnglish Portuguese cap, hat, Portuguese bored, Dutch for, Dutch forkPortuguese throatPortuguese chairPortuguese flagPortuguese handkerchiefDutch butPortuguese corn, maizeDutch finishedDutch uncleDutch grandmotherDutch grandfatherPortuguese shadePortuguese sweatDutch auntPortuguese forehead, temple, Portuguese turtle, , Portuguese shoe(s)Portuguese (agricultural) field or garden
Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian: (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: ('to punch each other'), ('to hit each other'), Originally a loanword from Ternate, it has spread through Manado Malay into other regions of Indonesia.
Examples Examples : = I = you = we = they = yes = no (' = glottal stop)
Sentences : : My mother went to the market : You haven't eaten since yesterday. : Don't lie to me! Note that the apostrophe (') is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the glottal stop.
References
Works cited
External links
Alkitab Bahasa Manado, the first Bible translation into Manado Malay (2017). Manado Malay-English-Indonesian Dictionary, Webonary.