List of gamma-ray bursts

The following is a list of significant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) listed in chronological order. GRBs are named after the date on which they were detected: the first two numbers correspond to the year, the second two numbers to the month, and the last two numbers to the day.

Chronological master list of significant GRBs Burst Position Redshift Detected by Notes GRB 670702 Vela 4 First GRB detected GRB 790305b The first observed SGR megaflare, a specific type of short GRB. GRB 830801 Until October 2022, the brightest GRB detected (now overtaken by GRB 221009A) GRB 970228 z = 0.695Bloom 2001 BeppoSAX First X-ray afterglow, first optical afterglow GRB 970402RA Dec BeppoSAX From an X-ray source never seen before in the constellation Circinus.Antonelli GRB 970508 z = 0.835 BeppoSAX First redshift, first radio afterglow GRB 971214 z = 3.4 BATSE The first GRB at z > 1; the most luminous of the earliest few GRBs. GRB 980425 z = 0.008Tinney 1998 BATSE The second closest GRB to date (after GRB 170817A) and the first associated with a supernova. GRB 990123 R.A. Decl. Odewahn 1999 z = 1.6 BeppoSAX First burst observed simultaneously in optical and gamma-rays. Brightest observed afterglow before the launch of Swift. GRB 991216 BATSE First burst detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory GRB 030329 z = 0.168Caldwell 2003 HETE-2 The closest "classical" long GRB to Earth and the most thoroughly studied afterglow to date. GRB 050509B z = 0.225 Swift First short burst with a detected afterglow and a possible host galaxy (not unique). GRB 050709 z = 0.161Price 2005 HETE-2 First short burst with a detected optical counterpart. GRB 050724 z = 0.258Berger 2005 Swift First short burst with a detected radio, optical, and X-ray counterpart, as well as an unambiguous association with an elliptical galaxy. GRB 060218 z = 0.0331Mirabal 2006 Swift First GRB with an accompanying supernova which could be tracked starting immediately after the burst. GRB 060614 R.A. Decl. z = 0.125 Swift Either a long-duration burst in which the presence of a bright supernova is ruled out, or a short-duration burst with extremely long-lasting gamma-ray emission. GRB 080319B z = 0.937 Swift The most (optically) luminous event of any nature observed in the universe to date. By far the brightest optical afterglow of any gamma-ray burst. z = 4.35Greiner 2009 Fermi Formerly the most energetic gamma-ray burst observed. GRB 090423 R.A. Decl. z = 8.2 Swift Remains the record holder for most distant observed object in the universe with spectroscopic confirmation.Reddy 2009 GRB 101225A R.A. Decl. z = 0.33 Swift 28 minutes duration. Also known as the "Christmas burst". GRB 130427A R.A. Decl. z = 0.34 Swift hours duration GRB 160625B R.A. Decl. z = 1.406 Fermi; LAT Extremely bright burst with polarized optical light GRB 170817A R.A. Decl. z = 0.009727 Fermi Neutron star collision, producing the gravitational wave named GW170817. Closest GRB known to dateGRB 200826Az=0.7486A short duration gamma ray burst that lasted for 0.5 seconds.GRB 211211Az=0.0785Swift, FermiFirst long GRB from a binary neutron star merger GRB 221009A R.A. Decl. z = 0.151 Swift One of the closest GRB and was the most energetic and brightest GRB ever recorded, deemed the "B.O.A.T.", or Brightest Of All Time. It had 18 TeV, a record.GRB 230307AFermiSecond only to GRB 221009A in terms of fluence.GRB 250702BR.A. Decl. z ≲ 1FermiLongest durationGRB 260726AR.A. Decl. SVOMThree simultaneous detections (alongwith GRB260727A) within 38 minutes (both SVOM and FERMI together)

Categorisation by Extremes

+ GRB Extremes Title GRB Data Notes Least distant GRB 170817A z = 0.009727 Higher redshift than GRB 980425, but closer galaxy Most distant with photometric redshift estimate GRB 090429B z = 9.4 Most distant with spectroscopic redshift estimate GRB 090423 z = 8.2 Least Luminous Most Luminous GRB 110918A z = 0.984 Peak Luminosity (isotropic) is Liso = 4.7 × 1047 WattsIOP, "The ultraluminous GRB 110918A", http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151/meta Most Energetic GRB 221009A 18 TeV; z=0.151It is the most energetic gamma-ray burst ever recorded. It has been deemed to be the "B.O.A.T.", or Brightest Of All Time. It had the highest fluence and peak flux ever identified, by a large margin. It also holds the record for highest energy burst recorded if released isotropically, beating GRB 080916C. It may have released a photon at 251 TeV. Longest duration GRB 250702B Duration = ca. 1 day Shortest duration GRB 820405 Duration = 12 ms Most distant naked-eye brightness GRB GRB 080319B Apparent magnitude: 5.3 z=0.937

Categorisation by Firsts

+ GRB Firsts Title GRB Date Data Notes First GRB detected GRB 670702 1967 July 2 , T. Dockweiler, Science Newsletter - June 2008 . Retrieved 2009 11 11. First GRB identified GRB 781104 1978 November 4 Venera-11, Venera-12, Prognoz-7, ISEE-3, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Vela First long duration GRB discovered First short duration GRB discovered First hard spectrum GRB discovered First soft spectrum GRB discovered First GRB whose distance was determined GRB 970508 z=0.835 The ING Newsletter, "Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Surprises from the Sky", P. Vreeswijk, N. Tanvir, T. Galama, No. 2 - March 2000 (accessed 2009/11/11) First GRB discovered with a radio afterglow GRB 970508 First GRB discovered with an optical afterglow GRB 970228 February 28, 1997 02:58 UTC First GRB discovered with an X-ray afterglow GRB 780506 First Short GRB discovered with millimeter afterglowGRB 211106A2021 November 6 04:37:31.2 UT0.7<z<1.4One of the widest and most energetic SGRB jets known to date. Associated with a neutron star merger. First GRB linked to a supernova GRB 980425 25 April 1998 21:49 UTC SN 1998bw GRB 030329 definitively linked SNe with GRBs, being associated with the hypernova SN 2003dhSpaceDaily, "Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae Conclusively Linked", Jun 22, 2003 . Retrieved 2009 11 November. First GRB of naked-eye brightness GRB 080319B 2008 March 19 06:12 UTC Apparent magnitude: 5.7 The first GRB bright enough to be visible to amateur astronomers with low powered scopes was GRB 990123 at magnitude 9 First GRB with associated Gravitational wave detection GRB 170817A 2017 August 17 GW170817 First GRB with tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission. GRB 190114C 2019 January 14 20:57:03 UT z=0.4245;magnitude=15.60est "light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light"; "the brightest light ever seen from Earth [to date]"; "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics". Its light energy was then overtaken by GRB 190829A with 3.3 TeV and then GRB 221009A with 18 TeV.

Categorisation by Most-distant

+ GRBs z>6 (GRBs z>6 are used to explore the reionization era ) GRB Distance Notes GRB 090429B z=9.4 Space Daily, Explosion Helps Researcher Spot Universe's Most Distant Object, 27 May 2011 (photometric redshift) GRB 090423 z=8.2 GRB 080913 z=6.7 GRB 060116 z=6.60 The high foreground extinction for this event makes this photometric redshift estimate very uncertain. GRB 140515A z=6.33 GRB 050904 z=6.295

+ Most Distant GRB Titleholders GRB Date Distance Notes GRB 090429B May 2011 — z=9.4 The GRB was observed in 2009, however its distance was not announced until 2011. GRB 090423 April 2009 — May 2011 z=8.2 This was the first GRB to become the most distant object in the universe.New Scientist, "Most distant object in the universe spotted", Rachel Courtland, 22:32 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009-11-11. GRB 080913 September 2008 — April 2009 z=6.7 New Scientist, "Cosmic explosion is most distant ever seen", Maggie McKee, 01:22 20 September 2008 (accessed 11/11/2009) GRB 050904 September 2005 — September 2008 z=6.29 New Scientist, "Blazing gamma-ray burst is most distant ever", Jeff Hecht, 11:47 13 September 2005 . Retrieved 2009 November 11. GRB 000131 January 2000 — September 2005 z=4.50 ESA, "Yet another record: Ulysses detects most distant gamma-ray burst", 19 Oct 2000 . Retrieved 11 November 2009. GRB 971214 December 1997 — January 2000 z=3.42 GRB 970508 May 1997 — December 1997 z=0.835 First GRB with its distance determined

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References

Citations

List of gamma-ray bursts

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