Convoy ON 127 was a trade convoy of merchant ships during the second World War. It was the 127th of the numbered series of ON convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America and the only North Atlantic trade convoy of 1942 or 1943 where all U-boats deployed against the convoy launched torpedoes.Rohwer&Hummelchen 1992 p. 161 The ships departed Liverpool on 4 September 1942Hague 2000 p. 158 and were met at noon on 5 September by the Royal Canadian Navy Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group C-4 consisting of the and the with the s , , , and .Milner 1985 p. 289 St. Croixs commanding officer, acting Lieutenant Commander A. H. "Dobby" Dobson RCNR, was the senior officer of the escort group. The Canadian ships carried type 286 meter-wavelength radar but none of their sets were operational.Blair 1998 p. 30 Celandine carried Type 271 centimeter-wavelength radar. None of the ships carried HF/DF high-frequency direction finding sets.

Background As western Atlantic coastal convoys brought an end to the second happy time, Admiral Karl Dönitz, the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU) or commander in chief of U-Boats, shifted focus to the mid-Atlantic to avoid aircraft patrols. Although convoy routing was less predictable in the mid-ocean, Dönitz anticipated that the increased numbers of U-boats being produced would be able to effectively search the area with the advantage of intelligence gained through B-Dienst decryption of British Naval Cypher Number 3.Tarrant p. 108 However, only 20 percent of the 180 trans-Atlantic convoys sailing from the end of July 1942 until the end of April 1943 lost ships to U-boat attack.Hague pp. 132, 137–138, 161–162, 164, 181

Initial contact Wolf pack Vorwarts was forming about 500 miles west of Ireland as the convoy left Liverpool.Milner 1985 p. 160 , , , , , , , , , , , , and formed a search line across the convoy's path just beyond the range of land-based aircraft. U-584 reported the convoy on 9 September, but lost contact that evening.

10 September U-96 regained contact on 10 September and torpedoed the Norwegian tanker Svene, the tanker F.J.Wolfe and the Belgian freighter Elisabeth van België in a single submerged daylight attack. Sherbrooke fell back to aid the torpedoed ships while St. Croix, Ottawa, and Celandine searched unsuccessfully for U-96. F.J.Wolfe was able to regain its station with the convoy.Hague 2000 p. 161 Ottawa continued to patrol astern of the convoy after St. Croix and Celandine resumed their normal patrol stations.

A coordinated night attack on the convoy began with U-659 torpedoing the British tanker Empire Oil on the evening of 10 September.Milner 1985 pp.162 St. Croix made SONAR contact immediately prior to the attack and Celandine, Ottawa, and St. Croix searched for U-659 after the attack. St. Croix and Ottawa fell back to rescue 23 of the stricken tanker's crew of 41.Milner 1985 p. 161 U-404 torpedoed the tanker Marit II, U-608 launched torpedoes which missed the convoy, U-218 torpedoed the tanker Fjordaas, and U-92 and U-594 launched torpedoes which missed the convoy before Ottawa, St. Croix, and Celandine rejoined the convoy.Milner 1985 p. 162Blair 1998 pp. 30–31 Sherbrooke remained astern of the convoy aiding the ships torpedoed by U-96, and rescued all but one of the crew of the sinking Svene and Elisabeth van Belgie. The remaining escorts counter-attacked, and depth charge damage forced U-659 and U-218 to return to port.Blair 1998 p. 31Milner 1985 pp.161 Both Marit II and Fjordaas were able to regain their stations in the convoy.Milner 1985 pp. 160–161 Empire Oil was later sunk astern of the convoy by U-584.

11 September None of the escorts' RADAR sets were functional on 11 September. U-584 torpedoed the Norwegian Hindanger in a submerged daylight attack while St. Croix investigated a visual sighting six miles distant. Amherst fell back and rescued all but one of Hindangers crew. A B-24 Liberator patrol bomber of No. 120 Squadron RAF prevented further daylight attacks on 11 September but U-96 sank a 415-ton Portuguese sailing trawler by gunfire in the vicinity of the convoy. In coordinated night attacks, U-380 missed with a salvo of four torpedoes, U-211 torpedoed the British whale factory ship Hektoria and freighter Empire Moonbeam, U-92 missed Ottawa with four torpedoes and U-404 torpedoed the tanker Daghild before Amherst and Sherbrooke rejoined the convoy. Daghild maintained station in the convoy and Arvida rescued all but four of the 140 crewmen from Hektoria and Empire Moonbeam before those ships were sunk astern of the convoy by U-608.Milner 1985 pp. 161–163

Parting shots Excellent visibility on 12 September allowed a close forward screen of four escorts to discourage U-boats sighted up to 7 miles away. U-407 and U-594 launched torpedoes unsuccessfully that night. U-594 sank the straggling Stone Street as the convoy came within range of Canadian Canso patrol bombers from Botland, Newfoundland on 13 September. The escort was reinforced at dusk by the and the from the Newfoundland-based Western Local Escort Force (WLEF). Both U-91 and U-411 launched torpedoes unsuccessfully while U-91 torpedoed the Canadian River-class destroyer in the pre-dawn hours of 14 September.Milner 1985 p. 163 Ottawa sank with 114 of its crew. The remainder of the convoy reached New York City on 20 September 1942.

Ships in convoy NameNationalityDeadTonnage(GRT)CargoNotesAthelduchess (1929)8,940Destination New York City; carried convoy commodore Rear Admiral Sir E O Cochrane KBEBayano (1917)6,815Destination HalifaxBohemian Club (1921)6,906Boston City (1920)2,870China clay & mailVeteran of convoy SC 94; Destination New York City; survived this convoy, convoy SC 104 & convoy SC 122British Endurance (1936)8,406Destination New York CityBritish Tradition (1942)8,443Destination New York CityClausina (1938)8,083Destination New York CityDaghild (1927)9,272Torpedoed, but survived to be sunk 5 months later in convoy SC 118Domby (1932)5,582Destination New York CityEgda (1939)10,050Veteran of convoy HX 79; Destination New York CityEl Mirlo (1930)8,092Destination New York CityElisabeth van Belgie (1909)14,241In ballastSunk by 10 SeptEmpire Lytton (1942)9,807Reached New York City and was sunk 4 months later in Convoy TM 1Empire Moonbeam (1941)36,849In ballastVeteran of convoy SC 94; sunk by & 12 SeptEmpire Oil (1941)188,029In ballastSunk by & 11 SeptEmpire Sailor (1926)6,140General cargoDestination Halifax; carried convoy vice commodore Capt H J Woodward DSO RNEmpire Thackeray (1942)2,865Destination HalifaxF J Wolfe (1932)12,190Damaged by 10 Sept; reached St. John's, Newfoundland 16 SeptFjordaas (1931)7,361Returned to Clyde; damaged by 11 SeptG C Brovig (1930)9,718Destination New York CityHektoria (1899)113,797In ballastVeteran of convoy ON 67; sunk by & 12 SeptHeranger (1930)4,877Destination New York CityHindanger (1929)14,884In ballastSunk by 11 SeptLaurits Swenson (1930)5,725RompedLiberty Glo (1919)4,979Destination HalifaxMarit II (1922)7,417Damaged by 11 Sept; reached St. John's, NewfoundlandModavia (1927)4,858Destination HalifaxMontevideo (1928)4,639Destination New York City; survived this convoy & convoy HX 228Nanking (1924)5,9318 passengersDestination New York CityPachesham (1920)6,090Detached for St. John's, Newfoundland 15 SeptPan-Georgia (1919)8,197Destination New York CityStone Street (1922)6,131Detached with defects 12 Sept; sunk by Sveve (1930)06,313In ballastSunk by 10 SeptVardefjell (1940)8,316Returned to Clyde with engine defectsWillemsplein (1910)5,489CoalVeteran of convoy SC 94; Destination Halifax

See also Convoy Battles of World War II

Notes

References