Dental (or more precisely denti-alveolar)Ladefoged & Traill, 1984:18 clicks are a family of click consonants found, as constituents of words, only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia.
In English, the tut-tut! (British spelling, "tutting") or tsk! tsk! (American spelling, "tsking") sound used to express disapproval or pity is an unreleasedIn the English sound, the velar closure is not released, unlike the released sound found in languages that combine clicks with vowels. dental click, although it is not a lexical phoneme (a sound that distinguishes words) in English but a paralinguistic speech-sound. Similarly paralinguistic usage of dental clicks is made in certain other languages, but the meaning thereof differs widely between many of the languages (e.g., affirmation in Somali but negation in many varieties of Arabic, Turkish and the languages of the Balkans).
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is , a vertical bar. Prior to 1989, was the IPA letter for the dental clicks. It is still occasionally used where the symbol would be confounded with other symbols, such as prosody marks, or simply because in many fonts the vertical bar is indistinguishable from a lowercase L or capital I.John Wells, 2011. Vertical lines. Compare the vertical bar, , with , , and (unformatted , , , ). Either letter may be combined with a second letter or a diacritic to indicate voicing and the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.
Transcription In official IPA transcriptions, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted and assumed. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often omitting . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; this would require something like the guttural diacritic to distinguish uvular dental clicks. Common dental clicks in these three transcriptions are:
Transcription convention Description I II III Tenuis dental click Aspirated dental click Voiced dental click Dental nasal click Aspirated dental nasal click Glottalized dental nasal click Tenuis dental uvular click Aspirated dental uvular click Voiced dental uvular click Dental nasal uvular click Aspirated dental nasal uvular click Glottalized dental nasal uvular click
The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.
In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for dental clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, , or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Nama and most Bushman languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter.
Features Features of dental clicks:
The forward place of articulation is typically dental (or denti-alveolar) and laminal, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the upper teeth, but depending on the language may be interdental or even apical. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound.
Occurrence Dental clicks are common in Khoisan languages and the neighboring Nguni languages, such as Zulu and Xhosa. In the Nguni languages, the tenuis click is denoted by the letter c, the murmured click by gc, the aspirated click by ch, and the nasal click by nc. The prenasalized clicks are written ngc and nkc.
The Cushitic language Dahalo has four clicks, all of them nasalized: .
Dental clicks may also be used para-linguistically. For example, English speakers use a plain dental click, usually written tsk or tut (and often reduplicated tsk-tsk or tut-tut; these spellings often lead to spelling pronunciations or ), as an interjection to express commiseration, disapproval, irritation, or to call a small animal. German ( or ), Hungarian (), Persian (), Portuguese (), Russian (; sound file) Spanish () and French () speakers use the dental click in a similar way as English.
The dental click is also used para-linguistically in Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew and Indo-European Pashto, and Persian where it is transcribed as / and is also used as a negative response to a "yes or no" question (including Dari and Tajiki). It is also used in some languages spoken in regions closer to, or in, Europe, such as Turkish, Albanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian or Serbo-Croatian to denote a negative response to a "yes or no" question. The dental click is sometimes accompanied by an upward motion of the head.WALS info on Para-linguistic usage of the dental click
Language Word IPA Meaning Zulu earring to fascinate end sour corn meal a bit Hadza firefly to be happy to smack one's lips rope Khoekhoe dry autumn leaves to love November to wear out to divine, prophesize
See also Alveolar click Bilabial click Lateral click Palatal click Retroflex click Index of phonetics articles
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