Eriogonum flavum is a species of wild buckwheat.

Common names This flower has several common names, including but not limited to: Pipers buckwheat, Pipers golden buckwheat, Yellow umbrella plant,Neil L. Jennings and Pipers Wild Buckwheat.Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Editors)

The species epithet flavum is Latin for yellow and indicates its flower colour.Sia Morhardt and Emil Morhardt

Description Eriogonum flavum is a perennial herb from taproot and woody caudex that forms dense mats in small areas, with leafless stems approximately 5–20 cm high. The dark green, 2.5–7 cm long leaves are spatulate-oblanceolate with long petioles. The plant is greenish above, while heavily whitish-tomentose below. This perennial herb re-emerges from taproot and woody caudex, and is likely long lived.

Flowers late May to mid July. The inflorescence is a dense umbel (umbrella shaped clusters,) with leaf like bracts at its base. There is one heavily villous involucre, roughly 5–6 mm high per ray of the umbel. The perianth is 4–6 mm long, very hairy, and typically pale yellow. it produces an aroma, that is unpleasant to humans but attracts pollinating bees. Roughly half of the viable population produce flowers in a given season, and seed are uncommon, further supporting longevity. Downhill transport of seeds is primary way of dispersal, but wind probably aids in dispersal uphill. However, downhill growth of caudex branches aids in vegetative dispersal. Fruit are 3–5 mm long three angled achenes that are sparsely pubescent at tip.

"Inflorescences subcapitate or umbellate, 0.5-3(-5) × 0.3-2.5(-3) dm; branches tomentose to floccose; bracts 4-6, leaflike to semileaflike at proximal node, 0.5-2 × 0.2-0.5 cm, sometimes absent immediately below involucre. Involucres 1 per node, turbinate to campanulate, 3-9 × 2-5 mm, tomentose to floccose; teeth 5-8, erect, 0.2-1 mm. Flowers 3-7 mm, including 0.2-1.5 mm stipelike base; perianth pale to bright yellow, densely pubescent abaxially; tepals monomorphic, oblong; stamens exserted, 3-6 mm; filaments pilose proximally. Achenes light brown to brown, 3-5 mm, glabrous except for sparsely pubescent beak."

Human and wildlife uses The plant has been observed as browse for many species of animal, including deer, elk, horses, bighorn sheep and mountain goats which browse the umbels. Blue grouse consume the leaves, as well as insects. Plains tribes of Native Americans used the mashed roots of this plant as ear plugs, and the flowers as an additive for the tanning of buffalo hides. The roots were eaten by children as a sweet snack

Taxonomy In 1836 George Bentham published the description of a new species in the Eriogonum genus, which he named Eriogonum flavum and attributed to Thomas Nuttall. Nuttall had published the name in 1813, but the accompanying description is too short to identify the species, making Bentham's later publication the correct description. Alongside the rest of its genus it is classified in the Polygonaceae.

Varieties There are three accepted varieties of the species.

Eriogonum flavum var. aquilinum – Native to Alaska and the Yukon Eriogonum flavum var. flavum – South central Canada and the central US Eriogonum flavum var. piperi – Western Canada and the northwestern US

Eriogonum flavum has synonyms of the species or of two of its varieties.

Table of Synonyms Name Year Rank Synonym of: Notes Eriogonum androsaceum var. piperi 1908 variety var. piperi ≡ hom. Eriogonum aureum 1856 species var. flavum = het. Eriogonum crassifolium 1836 species var. flavum = het. Eriogonum flavum 1813 species var. flavum = het., diagnosis too brief. Eriogonum flavum var. caudiciferum 1936 variety var. flavum = het. Eriogonum flavum subsp. crassifolium 1936 subspecies var. flavum = het. Eriogonum flavum var. crassifolium 1856 variety var. flavum = het. Eriogonum flavum var. foliatum 1906 variety var. flavum = het. Eriogonum flavum var. incisum 1936 variety var. flavum = het. Eriogonum flavum var. linguifolium 1906 variety var. flavum = het. Eriogonum flavum var. muticum 1936 variety var. flavum = het. Eriogonum flavum subsp. piperi 1936 subspecies var. piperi ≡ hom. Eriogonum flavum var. polyphyllum 1903 variety var. flavum = het. Eriogonum flavum subsp. typicum 1936 subspecies E. flavum ≡ hom., not validly publ. Eriogonum lateriflorum 1838 species var. flavum = het. Eriogonum piperi 1897 species var. piperi ≡ hom. Eriogonum piperi var. longiflorum 1906 variety var. piperi = het. Eriogonum piperi var. ochrocephalum 1906 variety var. piperi = het. Eriogonum polyphyllum 1900 species var. flavum = het. Eriogonum sericeum 1813 species var. flavum = het. Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym

Habitat This plant is generally found at moderate to high elevation, and grows on rocky open soils to ridges, or grasslands. Grows at 1,000 m in the Yukon, and as low as 170 m in Alaska, although the average throughout the southern portion of its range is around 2133.6 m. Associated with rock, scree, gravel, silt and loamy substrates. Usually associated with southern facing 20o to 50o slopes.

Distribution This species of plant has a very extensive range, including most of the Pacific Northwest. It is found north to British Columbia, south to the Blue Mountains of Oregon and California, east to south central Idaho, Colorado, and southwestern Alberta. Subspecies aquilinum is found north to the eastern portions of Alaska and throughout British Columbia and the Yukon.

Cultivation The noted wildflower author Claude A. Barr regarded yellow umbrella plant as an outstanding garden flower for its green velvety leaves and sulfur yellow flowers. Though it grows on stony soil in barren places in the wild it is successful in ordinary somewhat alkaline soils or even soils high in clay in garden settings. It increases by seed, but the crown and its thick taproot cannot be divided.

References Citations

Sources Web sources

External links

Alaska Rare Plant Field Guide, University of Alaska Anchorage, Timm Nawrocki, Justin Fulkerson, Matthew Carlson, Alaska Natural Heritage Program. Accessed pdf on 6/4/2015 Botany.cz, Eriogonum flavum Discover Life, Plants Database, United States Dept. of Agriculture Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest, Copy write Oxford University Press, 2006. Edited by F. Stuart Chapen III et al. Relationships of Site Characteristics to Vegetation in Canyon Grasslands of West Central Idaho and Adjacent Areas, E. W., Tisdale, M., Bramble-Brodahl, Journal of Range Management, Vol. 36, No. 6 (Nov., 1983), pp. 775–778 Great Sand Dunes National Monument and Preserve, Vascular Plant Inventory, Susan Spackman Panjabi and Karin Decker Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University, December 30, 2002 A WORKSHOP ON THE USES AND IMPORTANCE OF NATIVE PLANTS OF SASKATCHEWAN, Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Ducks Unlimited Canada, Pasture and Grazing Technology Program, September 21 and 22, 1994 Wildflowersearch.com