Leopold van der Pals (St. Petersburg 4 July 1884 – Dornach 7 February 1966) was a Danish/Dutch modernist composer who developed a personal and lyrical style in composing by involving elements of late romanticism, expressionism and impressionism.

From an early age, Van der Pals expressed himself as a composer, writing at least 50 works before the age of 18. He studied with Professor (Van der Pals' grand father), Alexander Denéréas (Lausanne) and Reinhold Gliere (Berlin). Van der Pals also studied piano under Alexander Siloti and cello under Tom Canivez.

Leopold van der Pals debut as a composer took place in 1909 with Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (Symphony nr. 1 in F sharp minor, Op. 4) and an extensive tour of performances throughout Europe and America followed until WWII. The main part of his 252 works consists of music for singers (8 operas, 9 cantatas and 650 lieder), but it also includes orchestral works and chamber music. He was in close contact with authors, musicians, artists and poets his whole life. Among them were Rudolf Steiner, Andrei Belyj, Rainer Maria Rilke, Friedrich Lienhard, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Serge Koussevitzky and Alexander Scriabin.

Biography

St. Petersburg 1884-1903 Leopold van der Pals was born into an artistic and aristocratic home in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire with a Dutch father and Danish mother. His father, Hendrik van Gilse van der Pals was the Dutch general counsel in Russia and director of the “Treugolnik” rubber factory. At the age of 12, Leopold van der Pals started his musical training under his grandfather, Julius Johannsen, a Professor of counterpoint and director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory (Johannsen was himself a student of Felix Mendelssohn and Niels W. Gade). The van der Pals home was open to artists and musicians, and here, Leopold van der Pals heard concerts with Modest Tchaikovsky, Anton Arensky, Alexander Glazunov, Alexander Siloti, Pablo Casals, and many others.

Lausanne 1903-1907 At the age of 19 van der Pals left Russia to continue his studies in Lausanne, Switzerland, with the famous Swiss composer and music theory professor Alexander Denéréas, and the cellist Thomas Canivez. Here he formed a long lasting friendship with the conductor Ernest Ansermet. Van der Pals' education was closely supervised by Denéréas, and even when van der Pals was forced to stay in a sanatorium in Davos to recover from signs of tuberculosis, Denéréas visited him and they continued their studies.

In 1907, after four years of basic musical education in Lausanne, Van der Pals moved to Berlin and, on the recommendation of Sergei Rachmaninoff, he now received guidance and lessons by the Russian composer Reinhold Glière. Here, van der Pals formed a friendship with many musical personalities: Arthur Nikisch, Felix Weingartner, Siegmund von Hausegger, Gustav Havemann, Serge Koussevitsky and Alexander Scriabin among others. Here he also met the philosopher Rudolf Steiner, who made a great impression on him and introduced the idea of metamorphosis, derived from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. At the time, Berlin was a melting pot of musical development in the wake of the romantic era. Van der Pals experimented with new harmonic ideas and alternative cadenzas. He shaped his personal expression, a hybrid of different styles such as romanticism, impressionism, free tonality and inspiration from Russian and Nordic folklore. It was here that he started to give his works opus numbers; all previous compositions were abandoned.

Berlin 1907-1915 During the Berlin years, 1907–1915, van der Pals was very productive and composed his first 30 works, concentrating on large orchestral pieces and lieder. His First Symphony, Op. 4 was premiered in 1909 by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Heinrich Schulz. The Symphony was very well received in the press and this resulted in an extensive series of performances of his pieces throughout Europe and America.

Arlesheim 1915-1922 In 1915, due to World War I, Van der Pals moved to Arlesheim in Switzerland with his wife Marussja and their young daughter Lea. Here he started his large series of compositions of chamber music for various ensembles. A string quartet, a piano trio, a duo for cello and violin and sonatas for piano, cello and violin.

Years of traveling 1922-1934 In 1922 van der Pals completed his Second Symphony, Op. 51. However, the orchestration of this piece was interrupted when Leopold's wife Marussja fell ill; in order to treat her condition, the family was forced to leave Arlesheim. For a period of 11 years the family constantly traveled between sanatoriums in order to find a place suitable for Marussja's condition. During these years the family stayed in approximately 80 locations in Europe without a fixed home. This time was troublesome for Van der Pals. His wife's treatment was expensive and Leopold experienced great difficulty to follow and continue his career. He had no chance to travel and hear performances of his compositions. In spite of his difficulties he continued his work and in this period he composed the Third Symphony, "Rhapsody", Op. 73, the "Hodler Suite", Op. 74, based on four paintings by Ferdinand Hodler, and two operas, Der Berg des Heiligen Michael, Op. 71, and Eisenhand, Op. 85.

Dornach 1934-1966 Marussja died in 1934. Her death affected Leopold deeply. He withdrew himself to Ascona, Switzerland, and mourned the loss of his wife. Here Van der Pals wrote 80 poems to her love and memory; 45 of them were put to music. The work became his Op. 96, In Memoriam with the subtitle ”Dem Geiste meiner Frau". He then finally settled down in Dornach in Switzerland, where he lived during the remaining 31 years of his life.

In the early 1930s, Van der Pals experienced the loss of many people close to him: his wife, his father, and several of his close friends. During this period, he composed his Requiem and the Third violin sonata, Op. 101, with the middle movement ”Marcia funebre”. He also now orchestrated the Second Symphony, Op. 51. The premiere of the symphony took place in Vienna in 1937, with his brother Nicolaï van Gilse van der Pals conducting. At the same concert, his Third symphony and Violin Concerto were also played.

Even though the interest in van der Pals’ music was extensive, the possibilities of performances were soon to be diminished. The climate for modern composers and artists suffered from the harsh political atmosphere and escalating international conflicts. With the start of World War II all possibilities were gone and many artists migrated to America where the conditions were better. Leopold decided to stay in Switzerland even though this meant to distance himself from the modern music environment. He never stopped creating, no matter which obstacles came his way. Apart from the 252 completed opuses, he also wrote poems, articles, reviews and librettos for all of his eight operas. At the time of Leopold's death on 1 February 1966 aged 83, his last piece, an opera called Isis was left on the piano unfinished.

Family Van der Pals married Maria (Marussja) von Beshe in St. Petersburg in 1907. They had one daughter, Lea van Gilse van der Pals, who became a renowned dancer and teacher, both in Dornach, Switzerland and internationally. One of Leopold's younger brothers, Nicolaï van Gilse van der Pals, was a conductor in Helsinki and elsewhere in Europe.

List of Works Leopold van der Pals wrote 252 opus, 43 Jugendwerke and a number of unfinished works. His oeuvre includes songs, chamber music, symphonies and eight operas.

Symphonic works

Symphony No. 1 in F sharp minor, Op. 4 (1907-1908, UA Berlin 1909) Symphony No. 2, Op. 51 (1922; Orchestrated 1937) Symphony No. 3, “Rhapsodie”, Op. 73 (1927) Symphony No. 4 for String Orchestra, Op. 160 (1938) Spring and Autumn, Symphonic sketches, Op. 14 Wieland the Blacksmith, (original title: "Wieland der Schmied") Symphonic Poem for large orchestra after Lienhard, Op. 23 Pan's Death, (original title: "Pans Tod") Legend for large orchestra and mixed chorus ad. lib., Op. 24 Hodler-Suite, Op. 74 Uriel, Symphonic Poem for large orchestra, Op. 155 Suite I. und II. aus der Musik zu «Mönch Wanderer» (LvdP), Op. 84b

Works for chamber orchestra

TIAOAIT, für Orchester Op. 29a Planetentanz, für Orchester, Op. 29b Musik zum «Märchen vom Quellenwunder», für Orchester, Op. 34a Musik zu «Orphische Urworte» (Goethe), Op. 39b Suite, für Streichorchester, Op. 90 Trittico Ludovisiano, für Kammerorchester, Op. 102 Zweite Phantasie für Orchester, Op. 179 Musik zu «Luzifer und Ahriman»; Op. 245a

Opera

Legende von der Prinzessin und dem gefesselten Jüngling (LvdP) Op. 17 Der Berg des Heiligen Michael (LvdP), Op. 71 Eisenhand (LvdP), Op. 85 Michael (LvdP), Oratorien-Oper in einem Aufzug, für Sopran (Tenor), Baß, Chor und Orchester, Op. 95 Hero und Leander (LvdP), Op. 137 Der Schweinehirt (H. C. Andersen, LvdP), Op. 140 Apollo (LvdP), Op. 158 Medusa (LvdP), Op. 215

Cantatas and Oratories

Du brachtest uns nur Liebe, Güte und Frieden (LvdP), JW Lieder und Chöre zu den Oberuferer Weihnachtsspielen, Op. 20 Die zur Wahrheit wandern (Chr. Morgenstern), für gemischten Chor und Orchester, Op. 32 Weihnacht (R. Steiner), Kantate für Sopran solo, Chor und Orchester, Op. 68 Michael (LvdP), Oratorien-Oper in einem Aufzug, für Sopran (Tenor), Baß, Chor und Orchester, Op. 95 21 Japanische Utas, für Altstimme und Kammerorch. oder Klavier, Op. 119 Anthroposophisches Requiem (R. Steiner), für Sopran solo, gemischten Chor, Streicher und Orgel oder Harmonium, Op. 200 Vedische Hymne (U: H. Olivenberg), für Tenor solo, gemischten Chor und Orchester, Op. 232 Preghiera (S. Francesco), für Tenor solo, gemischten Chor und Orchester, Op. 237

Choir a Capella

Gebete an Maria, 10 Lieder für gemischten Chor a cappella, Op. 82 Zwei Weihnachtslieder, für gemischten Chor a cappella, Op. 109 Michael-Feier (R. Steiner), für gemischten Chor a cappella, Op. 199

Lieder

5 Lieder nach Japanischen Gedichten, Op. 1 4 Lieder nach altgriechischen Liebesgedichten (Asklepiades, Meleagros), Op. 2 3 Lieder (J. Milakowiá, Ü: Ed. Koller, Wang-Seng-Yu, Ü: C. Haussmann, M. Madeleine), Op. 3 Die Hände mein (russisch, Ü: LvdP), Op. 5 Drei Gesänge (M. Geissler), Op. 6 Drei Gesänge (H. Dupré), Op. 7 Zwei Gesänge (A. Negri), Op. 8 Lieder (0. J. Bierbaum), Op. 11 La Muse d'Eleusis (E. Schuré) 2 Lieder, Op. 12 Asali (J. P. Jakobsen, Ü: B. Federn) 3 Lieder, Op. 18 3 Lieder (1: L. Gaj, Ü: E. Koller; 2,3: J.P. Jakobsen; Ü: E. Federn), Op. 21 4 Lieder (Fr. Lienhard), Op. 22 7 Lieder (W. Solowieff, Ü: LvdP), Op. 25 Es ist in dieser Sonnenstunde (R. Steiner), Op. 28a 7 Lieder (Chr. Morgenstern), Op. 30 4 Lieder (A. Belyj, Ü: LvdP), Op. 31 Geistliches Wiegenlied zu Weihnachten (VU), Op. 39/2 Weihnachtsgesang, für Gesang und Klavier, Op. 44 3 nächtliche Lieder (Goethe), Singstimme, Violoncello und Klavier, Op. 57 7 Rennefeld-Lieder (0. Rennefeld), Op. 59 24 Lieder (A. Steffen), Op. 62 8 Lieder (J.P. Jacobsen, Ü: E. Federn), Op. 65 21 Lieder (R. Steiner), Op. 67a 6 Lieder (R. Steiner), Op. 67b 2 Lieder (P. Bühler), Op. 72 8 Madonnen-Lieder (LvdP), erste Folge, Op. 76 3 Weihnachtslieder (LvdP), Op. 77 5 Lieder (1: LvdP, 2: C. F. Meyer, 3: Li-Tai-Po, 4: LvP, 5: M. Bauer), Op. 81 6 Lieder (L. Kuckuck), Op. 83 5 Madonnen-Lieder (LvdP), zweite Folge, Op. 86 Engelweben (H. von May), 7 Lieder, Op. 87 Christus-Lieder (H. von May), 12 Lieder, Op. 88 5 Madonnen-Lieder (LvdP), dritte Folge, Op. 91 5 Madonnen-Lieder (LvdP), vierte Folge, Op. 92 Fünf Gesänge (LvdP), Op. 93 9 Lieder des Herbstes (LvdP), Op. 94 In Memoriam,«Dem Geiste meiner Frau», 45 Lieder (LvdP), Op. 96 22 Lieder (Chr. Morgenstern), Op. 104 5 Lieder (LvP), Op. 105 10 Lieder des Sommers (LvP), Op. 106 2 Lieder (A. Strindberg, U: E. Schering), Op. 110 5 Lieder (E. A. Poe, U: Th. Etzel), Op. 111 Lieder des Abends (R. M. Rilke), 9 Lieder, Op. 112