Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.
Originally, all species of the genus Rhinella were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into the genera Chaunus and Rhamphophryne. However, Chaunus and Rhamphophryne are now considered synonyms of Rhinella.. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
Etymology Rhinella means 'little nose', from rhino- (), the combining form of the Ancient Greek (, 'nose') and the Latin diminutive suffix -ella. Chaunus is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek (, 'porous, spongy'). Rhamphophryne, meaning "beaked toad", is from (, 'beak') and (, 'toad').
Species There are about 94 living species recognised in the genus Rhinella: ImageBinomial name and author Common name Distribution Rhinella abei southeastern Brazil (eastern Paraná, eastern Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul) Rhinella achalensis Cordoba toad northern Argentina (Córdoba and San Luis provinces) Rhinella achavali Uruguay and southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) Rhinella acrolopha Cerro Mali beaked toad Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama Rhinella acutirostris Brazil, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela Rhinella alata Western Panama through Chocoan western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador Rhinella amabilis Loja Province, Ecuador Rhinella angeli Peru Rhinella amboroensis Cochabamba toad Bolivia (Cochabamba Department) Rhinella arborescandens Mendoza Pass toad Peru (Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region) Rhinella arenarum Common toad; Argentine toad Argentina from the Chubut Province northward, Bolivia east of the Andes Rhinella arequipensis Rio Chili toad Peru Rhinella arunco Arunco; Concepcion toad Chile Rhinella atacamensis Vallenar toad; Atacama toad Chile between Paposo (Antofagasta Region) and Las Chilcas (Valparaíso Region) Rhinella azarai Paraguay Rhinella beebei Rivero's Toad Colombia east of the Andes and Venezuela north of the Orinoco to French Guiana; Trinidad Rhinella bergi Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay Rhinella bernardoi Argentina Rhinella casconi Brazil (Ceará) Rhinella castaneotica Para toad Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo) and eastern Peru Rhinella centralis Panama (Chiriquí) Rhinella ceratophrys Horned toad Colombia, southern Venezuela (Cerro Neblina and Cerro Marahuaca), eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Loreto), Brazil Rhinella cerradensis Brazil (Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal), Argentina (Corrientes) Rhinella chavin Peru (Huánuco) Rhinella chrysophora Rio Viejo toad Honduras Rhinella chullachaki Peru (Huánuco) Rhinella cristinae Colombia(La Pedrera, Amazonas Province) Rhinella crucifer Striped toad eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro Rhinella dapsilis Bom Jardim toad Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru Rhinella diptycha Cope's toad; cururu toad Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil Rhinella dorbignyi Dorbigny's toad northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southeastern Brazil Rhinella exostosica Bolivia (Beni and Pando Departments), Brazil (Rondônia) and Peru (Departments of Ucayali and Madre de Dios) Rhinella fernandezae Bella Vista toad Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay Rhinella festae Valle Santiago beaked toad Ecuador and Peru Rhinella fissipes Carabaya toad Bolivia and Peru Rhinella gallardoi Gallardo's toad Argentina Rhinella gildae Brazil Rhinella gnustae Rio Grande toad Argentina Rhinella granulosa Common lesser toad Brazil Rhinella henseli Brazil Rhinella hoogmoedi Brazil Rhinella horribilis Cane toad north-western South America Rhinella humboldti Rivero's toad Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas Rhinella icterica Yellow Cururu toad northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province), southern Brazil and eastern Paraguay Rhinella inca Inca toad Peru Rhinella inopina Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil Rhinella iserni Rio Perene toad Peru Rhinella jimi Cururu toad Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo) Rhinella justinianoi El Chape toad Bolivia Rhinella kuka Bolivia Rhinella leptoscelis Peru Rhinella lescurei French Guiana, Suriname Rhinella lilyrodriguezae Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad Peru Rhinella limensis Peru Coast toad Peru Rhinella lindae Murri beaked toad Colombia Rhinella loba Argentina Rhinella macrorhina Santa Rita beaked toad Colombia Rhinella magnussoni Brazil Rhinella major Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia and in Brazil Rhinella manu Peru Rhinella margaritifera South American common toad Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela Rhinella marina Cane toad South and mainland Central America Rhinella martyi Suriname Rhinella merianae Venezuela (Bolívar), Suriname, Guyana, Brazil Rhinella mirandaribeiroi Brazil(Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, and Piaui), Bolivia (Santa Cruz) Rhinella multiverrucosa Peru (Pasco) Rhinella nattereri Venezuela (Bolivar), Guyana Rhinella nesiotes Laguna toad Peru Rhinella nicefori Colombian beaked toad Colombia (Antioquia) Rhinella ocellata Ocellated toad Brazil Rhinella ornata Brazil Rhinella paraguas Colombia (Chocó) Rhinella paraguayensis Paraguay Rhinella parecis Brazil Rhinella pleuroptera Peru Rhinella poeppigii Gray toad Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia Rhinella proboscidea Beaked toad Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru Rhinella pygmaea Rio Parahyba toad Brazil Rhinella quechua Incachaca toad Bolivia Rhinella roqueana northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas and Caquetá Departments), Brazil Rhinella rostrata Mesopotamia beaked toad Colombia (Antioquia) Rhinella rubescens Brazil Rhinella rubropunctata Rusty toad Chile and Argentina Rhinella ruizi Colombia (Antioquia) Rhinella rumbolli Salta toad Bolivia Rhinella scitula Paraguay (Amambay and Concepción Departments), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) Rhinella sclerocephala Venezuela Rhinella sebbeni Brazil Rhinella spinulosa Warty toad; Huanuco toad Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru Rhinella stanlaii Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz) Rhinella sternosignata Falcon toad Colombia and Venezuela Rhinella tacana Bolivia (La Paz) Rhinella tenrec Antioquia Beaked Toad Colombia Rhinella teotoniensis Teotonio Falls Leaf-litter Toad Bolivia, Brazil Rhinella truebae Trueb's Beaked Toad Colombia Rhinella unapensis Peru Rhinella vellardi Alto Maranon toad Peru Rhinella veraguensis Veragua toad Bolivia and southeastern Peru Rhinella veredas Brazil(Piauí and Bahia) Rhinella yanachaga Peru (Pasco) Rhinella yunga Peru (Yungas)
Notes
References (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.
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