Ternopil Oblast (), also referred to as Ternopilshchyna () or Ternopillia (), is an oblast (province) of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret, a tributary of the Dniester. Population:
One of the natural wonders of the region are its cave complexes. Although Ternopil Oblast is among the smallest regions in Ukraine, over 100 caves have been discovered there. Scientists believe these are only 20% of all possible caves in the region. The biggest cave is Optymistychna Cave. Measuring in total length, it is the longest cave in Eurasia and the fifth-longest in the world. Twenty percent of the land in the region is chernozem soil.
Among its attractions, Ternopil Oblast has 34 castles. By at least one account, the most prominent is the Zbarazh Castle with fortifications that expand over and was the center of a 17th-century standoff between troops of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Dniester Canyon passes through the oblast; it is considered one of the wonders of Ukraine, stretching for .
Geography
The oblast is located in western Ukraine and has an area of . It is situated at the western part of the Podilian Upland, which is known for its rocky terrain. Among noticeable mountains there are the Kremenets Mountains. The oblast is also famous for its caves.
One of the major rivers in the country, the Dniester, forms the southern and southwestern borders of Ternopil Oblast with the adjacent Chernivtsi Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Its tributaries that flow through the oblast include Zbruch, Seret, and Strypa. The Seret River is a left tributary of the Dniester flowing through the city of Ternopil.
Ternopil Oblast is surrounded by five other oblasts of Ukraine: Chernivtsi Oblast – to the south, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast – to the southwest, Lviv Oblast – to the northwest, Rivne Oblast – to the north, and Khmelnytskyi Oblast – to the east.
History
Historic administrative affiliation of the area: 1199–1253: Principality of Galicia-Volhynia 1253–1434: Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia 1434–1569: Kingdom of Poland: / Grand Duchy of Lithuania: 1566–1569: Kingdom of Poland: / Grand Duchy of Lithuania: 1569–1672: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1672–1699: Poland-Lithuania, / Ottoman Empire: 1699–1772: Poland-Lithuania, 1772–1795: Habsburg monarchy: (Austrian Partition) / Poland-Lithuania, 1795–1804: Habsburg Monarchy: (Austrian Partition) / Russian Empire: (Russian Partition) 1804–1809: Austrian Empire: (Austrian Partition) / Russian Empire: (Russian Partition) 1809–1815: Austrian Empire: (Austrian Partition) / Russian Empire: 1815–1867: Austrian Empire: (Austrian Partition) / Russian Empire: (Russian Partition) 1867–November 1918: Austria-Hungary: (Austrian Partition) / Russian Empire: (Russian Partition) November 1918–July 1919 - West Ukrainian People's Republic (de facto) 1919 (de facto; 1923 de jure)–1945: Rzeczpospolita Polska: 1944 (de facto; 1945 de jure)–1991: USSR, Ukrainian SSR: since 1991: Ukraine:
From the 12th century the area belonged to Galicia–Volhynia until Galicia–Volhynia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century.
In 1569 Poland and Lithuania united into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
From the First Partition of Poland in 1772 until the end of World War I the area which would become Ternopil Oblast was mostly part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a possession of the Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire and finally Austria-Hungary. In Ukraine today, there are three oblasts (provinces) that largely formed the eastern part of Galicia and Lodomeria until 1918. Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast was entirely contained in the kingdom, as was the vast majority of Lviv Oblast (only a few small areas and villages near Sokal were not). The southern and central parts of Ternopil Oblast were within the kingdom while the northern parts (pre-2020 raions: Kremenets, Shumsk, Lanivtsi and the northern half of Zbarazh; post-2020: Kremenets Raion and small parts of Ternopil Raion) remained with Poland Lithuania; from 1795 (Third Partition) they belonged to the Russian Volhynian Governorate (specifically the Kremenetsky Uyezd). During the Napoleonic Wars the area around Ternopil was annexed by Russia in the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn becoming the ; it was ceded back to Austria in 1815 (Congress of Vienna). The Tarnopolsky Krai roughly covered the eastern two-thirds of the post-2022 Ternopil Raion and the Chortkiv Raion up to the Strypa; in pre-2020 terms it corresponded with the cities of Ternopil and Chortkiv and the Borshchiv, Chortkiv, Husiatyn, Pidvolochysk, Terebovlia, Ternopil and Zalishchyky raions, the southern half of Zbarazh raion, the eastern and northern parts of Buchach raion and some eastern parts of Zboriv and Kozova raions.
From 1917 the formerly Russian part came under the Ukrainian People's Republic (Ukrainian State April–December 1918; also claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets/Ukrainian Soviet Republic December 1917–April 1918 and the Ukrainian SSR from March 1919); from 1918 the formerly Austrian part was controlled by the West Ukrainian People's Republic (nominally part of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 22 January 1919) but ultimately the whole area fell to the Second Polish Republic in 1921 following the Ukrainian War of Independence, Polish–Ukrainian War and Polish–Soviet War. The formerly Austrian parts became part of the Tarnopol Voivodeship, while the formerly Russian parts became part of the Volhynian Voivodeship, specifically the . The southern pre-2020 raions of Ternopil Oblast were partially coterminous with Galicia and Lodomeria's districts/counties and Interwar Poland's counties.
Raions of Ternopil Oblast (until 2020) Equivalent districts/counties of Galicia and Lodomeria Berezhany RaionWestern part of Brzeżany county. Borshchiv RaionBorszczów Buchach RaionBuczacz county Chortkiv RaionCzortków and the southern partof Kopychyntsi county Husiatyn RaionKopychyntsi Kozova RaionEastern part of Brzeżany countyexcept for the city of Brzeżany itself. Monastyryska RaionWestern part of Buczacz county. Pidhaitsi RaionWestern part of Podhajce county. Pidvolochysk RaionSkalat county and the eastern part of Zbaraż county Terebovlia RaionTrembowla county in the east andPodhajce county in the west. Ternopil RaionTarnopol county Zalishchyky RaionZalishchyky Zbarazh RaionThe western part of Zbaraż county and the southern part of Brody county. Zboriv RaionZborów county
The oblast was created during the Second World War when both Nazi Germany and later the Soviet Union invaded Poland. Due to the Polish national policy in the area (Pacification action), many people favored the Soviet invasion of Eastern Galicia at first. However, soon thereafter, the Soviet security agencies started a witch hunt among nationally oriented members of Ukrainian resistance who emigrated to Poland after the Soviet-Ukrainian War as well as other reasons. Many of local population were exiled to Siberia regardless of their ethnic background. On December 4, 1939, the voivodeship division in the West Ukraine was abolished and replaced with the existing Soviet administrative division oblast. Ternopil Oblast (originally Tarnopol Oblast) was established based mostly on the Tarnopol Voivodeship and southern portions of the Volhynian Voivodeship.
During the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, Ternopil became an object of fierce fighting between Soviet and German forces because of its importance as a rail transportation hub. During German occupation, the region (except for its Volhynian portion) became part of the District of Galicia and transferred to administration by the General Government. After the war, a destroyed residential section of Ternopil, near the river, was turned into an artificial lake rather than being rebuilt. Additionally, upon annexation to the Soviet Union's Ukrainian SSR, most ethnic Poles in the region were forcibly relocated to Poland, whose national borders had shifted far to the west. The area of the former Polish voivodeship was expanded by adding territory in the north, though the westernmost parts were transferred to the Lviv oblast. After 1945 Soviet authorities also encouraged ethnic Russians to settle in territories newly annexed to the Soviet Union, including the Ternopil oblast, though western Ukraine remained considerably less Russian than eastern Ukraine.
As Ukraine achieved independence in the 1990s, western Ukraine remained the heartland of Ukrainian political and cultural nationalism, and the political affiliations of Ternopil voters reflected that viewpoint. In the first elections after independence, the People's Movement of Ukraine was the leading party in the oblast. A majority of oblast voters supported the Ukrainian nationalist-oriented Electoral Bloc Yuliya Tymoshenko in the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election. Over 88% of voters supported Yulia Tymoshenko of the All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election.
By 2005, the population of the oblast had grown to roughly 225,000, consisting primarily of ethnic Ukrainians with a large Russian or Russian-speaking minority. The city of Ternopil has important institutions of higher education, including two teacher's colleges, an international medical school with instruction in English, and one of three economics institutes in Ukraine.
The religion of the majority is Ukrainian Greek Catholic, though there is a notable Orthodox presence and a small Protestant minority. Holy Trinity Church, Mykulyntsi is an 18th-century Roman Catholic church considered to be an architectural monument of national importance. Many churches which were closed or destroyed under Soviet rule have rebuilt since independence. The local Jewish community, which was very large before 1939, disappeared in the Holocaust and was not reestablished after 1945. There are no active synagogues in the oblast and only a few isolated individuals affiliating with the Jewish faith.
Points of interest
The oblast is known for its castles and fortresses. Due to the underfunding of the state program for the preservation of cultural heritage, many of objects of historical significance are in poor condition. The following historic-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine. Verteba Cave, a cave in Borshchiv Raion Bohyt, a hill near Zbruch River where was found the Zbruch idol (Husiatyn Raion) Buchach Ratusha, a former town hall in Buchach Pochaiv Lavra, located in the city of Pochaiv, one of the biggest holy places of Christian Orthodox in Ukraine Zarvanytsia Spiritual Center, a big holy place of Greek Catholics of Podillia (Terebovlia Raion) Vyshnivets Palace, a princely palace in Vyshnivets (Zbarazh Raion) Camp UPA, a museum of Ukrainian resistance movement in Shumsk Raion Dzhuryn Waterfall Castles of Ternopil Region (Ternopil Castle, Berezhany Castle, Zbarazh Castle, and others)
Population The estimated population is
Ethnic composition According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, ethnic Ukrainians accounted for 97.8% of the population of Ternopil Oblast, and ethnic Russians for 1.2%. Етнічний склад населення України, 2001 рікБанк даних, перепис 2001 року
Language
Ternopil Oblast was one of the few oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR where the share of Ukrainian speakers was increasing despite the Russification of Ukraine carried out in the USSR. Native language of the population of Ternopil Oblast according to the results of population censuses:Итоги Всесоюзной переписи населения 1959 года: Украинская ССР, стр. 168—193Численность и состав населения СССР: по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения 1979 года. Центральное статистическое управление СССР, 1984Чорний С. Національний склад населення України в ХХ сторіччі (2001)Итоги Всесоюзной переписи населения 1970 года. Том IV — М., Статистика, 1973