Kumyks or Kumyk people (, ) are a Turkic ethnic group living in Dagestan, Chechnya and North Ossetia.Руслан Хадимуллин: Кумыки — один из народов Дагестана 5-09-2016, 06:08ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕМОГРАФИЯ ДАГЕСТАНА: КУМЫКИ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX – НАЧАЛЕ XXI В. М.-Р.А. Ибрагимов, А.М. Макгашарипова, Институт ИАЭ ДНЦ РАН, Махачкала Региональный центр этнополитических исследований ДНЦ РАН, Махачкала. They are the largest Turkic people in the North Caucasus.
They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), lands bordering the Caspian Sea, areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the Terek River. They speak the Kumyk language, which until the 1930s had been the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus.
Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called KumykiaВалерий Александрович Тишков, Вадим Александрович Александров -Народы России: энциклопедия Науч. изд-во Большая российская энциклопедия, 1994 — С.214А. Л. Нарочницкий. И90 История народов Северного Кавказа (конец XVIII в. — 1917 г.). — М.: Наука, 1988, стр. 605АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ШАМХАЛЬСТВА ТАРКОВСКОГО В XVII–XVIII веках, АБДУСАЛАМОВ Магомед-Паша Балашович, стр. 9 ().Ярцева В. Н. и др. (ред.) Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Том 2. К-Р, стр. 182—183 Цитата: «До 1917 г. слово къумукъ обозначало и территорию, где живут кумыки — Кумыкия.» All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent Tarki Shamkhalate.Советская Этнография, Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1953 Цитата: Отдельные селения аварцев входили в ...кумыкское шамхальство Тарковское, кумыкское ханство Мехтулинское...Пилипчук Я.В. КИН, Взаимоотношения Крымского Ханства с Тюрко-Татаркскими Государствами Северного Кавказа, Астраханским ханством и Ираном. Известия Национального Центра Археографии и Источниковедения, Астана, 2017 Цитаты: 1. "освещены взаимоотношения Крымского ханства с ногайцами, Астраханским ханством, Кумыкским шамхальством" 2. Однако куда большим было влияние Кумыкского шамхальства 3. Он женился на дочери кумыкского шамхала. 4. Крымский хан Гази-Гирей в 1591 г. местью русским за тюменского князя и 66 кумыкского шамхала мотивировал свой поход на МосквуГусейнов Гарун-Рашид Абдул-Кадырович Тюменское княжество в контексте истории взаимоотношений Астраханского ханства и Кумыкского государства с Русским в XVI в., Институт Истории АН РТ, Казань, 2012 Цитата: И в дальнейшем, о более северных затеречных, включавших и Тюменское княжество, ареальных пределах Кумыкского государства – шамхальства свидетельствуют сведения А.Олеария (1635-1639 гг.)Документ из Российского государственного архива древних актов (фонд № 121 «Кумыцкие и тарковские дела»). Документы представляют из себя журнал, фиксирующий даты прибытия шамхальского посольства в КремльДагестан в эпоху великого переселения народов: этногенетические исследования — Российская академия наук, Дагестанский науч. центр, Ин-т истории, археологии и этнографии, 1998 - Всего страниц: 191ТЕРРИТОРИЯ И НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ШАМХАЛЬСТВА ТАРКОВСКОГО В ТРУДАХ РУССКИХ И ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ АВТОРОВ XVIII–XIX ВВ, Абдусаламов М.-П. Б., 2012, Известия Алтайского государственного университета Цитата: ...четко выделил границы ряда кумыкских феодальных владений, в том числе шамхальства Тарковского...Из истории русско-кавказскои воины: документы и материалы, А. М Ельмесов, Кабардино-Балкарское отд-ние Всероссииского фонда культуры, 1991, 261 pages, стр. 60 Цитата: ...и Крымскому, и к Шевкальскому (Кумыкское шамхальство — Э. А.)...
Population and present settlement area Kumyks comprise 14% of the population of the Republic of Dagestan, the third-largest population of Chechnya, and the fifth-largest population of North Ossetia, all of which are parts of the Russian Federation.
Kumyks are the second largest Turkic-speaking ethnic group after Azerbaijanis in the Caucasus, the largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus and the third largest ethnic group of Dagestan.
According to the Russian national census of 2010 there were more than 500,000 Kumyks in Russia.
Russian Federation In terms of administrative division in their native lands, Kumyks today are mostly divided between a few administrative regions of Russia, such as Republic of Dagestan, Republic of North-Ossetia, Chechen Republic. Russian'a territorial subject (krai, oblast, republic etc.)PopulationDagestan365,804431,736496,455North Ossetia-Alania12,65916,09218,054Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug9,55413,84913,669Chechnya8,88312,22112,184Stavropol krai5,7445,6395,213Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug2,6134,4664,838Moscow oblast8181,6221,704Moscow1,6152,3511,576Saint Petersburg8951,0181,340Astrakhan oblast1,3561,5581,240Rostov oblast1,3411,5111,100the table contains regions with the population exceeding 1000 people only.
Turkey and the Middle East
In the 19th century, during and following the Caucasian War, numbers of Kumyks were subject to or willingly resettled (made hijra) to the Ottoman EmpireÖmer Karata Mehmed Said Arbatl KUMUK TÜRKLERİNİN KAFKASYA'DAN ANADOLU'YA GÖÇÜ (The Resettlement of Kumyk from the Caucasus to Anatolia), 2015. as a result of Russian deportation campaigns in the region.
In the 1910s–1920s, during the Russian Revolution, another emigration wave to Turkey took place. Among the muhajirs (migrants) of that period were many prominent Kumyk nobility.among them Dagestanian figure Aselderkhan Kazanalip (1855-1928) and his wife princess Jahbat Tarkovskaya, along with other nobility — Eldar Utsumi khan, Asadullah Utsumi and Akhmat-khan
Kumyks also used to move to Syria and Jordan, where a few Kumyk families still live. The Syrian village of Dar-Ful was established in 1878-1880 by Kumyk emigrants.from the settlements of Utamish, Bashlykent and Karabudaghkent, they were later joined by Kumyks from the Northern Kumykia and many other Dagestanians
There is no official state census of ethnic minorities in Turkey (ethnic or racial censuses are outlawed), but according to the studies of 1994–1996, there were more than 20 settlements with Kumyk population.Bursa province — Koşuboğazı, Mustafakemalpaşa (assimilated but keeping family history); Orhangazi province — Yeniköy (along with avars and dargins); Sivaş province — Yıldızeli (Yavuzköy), Yağlıdere, Yıldızeli (Yağköy), Süleymaniye, Hafik (along with Turkish and avars); Tokat province — Doğançaylı (along with karachays), Yavu, Çermik, Artova (along with dargins and avars), Çirdağ (along with dargins and avars), Gültepe, Erbaa (along with dargins and avars), Yeniderbent, Zile (along with lezgins), Turhal (along with karachays, Culture Centre is present); Çanakkale province — Akköprü, Biga (Culture Centre is present), Aziziye, Doğancı, Geyikkırı, Kalafat, Biga (Bozna). Many Kumyk districts and villages, for instance in the town of Samsun, de-kumykised due to assimilation into Turkish culture and resettling.
Ethnonym The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S. A. Tokarev, A. I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive the name "Kumyk" from a Turkic ethnonym Kimak, or from another name for Kipchaks — Cuman.
According to P. Uslar, in the 19th century the names "Kumyk" and "Kumuk" pertained to the Turkic speaking population of the Northern Caucasian lowlands.Услар П. К. Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. 4. Лакский язык. Тифлис, 1890, с. 2. In Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia, the name Kumyk, or originally Kumuk pertained to the Kumyks only. Y. Fyodorov wrote, based on sources from the 8–19 cc., that "Gumik — Kumyk — Kumuk" is originally a Dagestani toponym from the Middle Ages.
In various Russian, European, Ottoman and Persian sources Kumyks were also called Dagestan Tatars (or Dagestan Turks), CircassianЭпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа. – М.: Наука, 1966. Ч.I. – 300с., стр. 202, приведены источники Хосров-хана Шемаханский and Caucasus Tatars.Т. Н. Макаров, Татарская грамматика кавказского наречия, 1848, Тифлис
Origin There is no universal opinion regarding the origin of the Kumyks, and disputed debates have continued to even today. Some scholars propose that the population of the Kumyk plains of the 8th-10th centuries were directly ancestral to modern Kumyks.Смирнов К. Ф. Археологические исследованияв Дагестане в 1948—1950 гг. // Кратк. сообщ. ИМК XIV, 1952,с. 95-96 A view close to that is that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan along with the Oghuric Khazars in the 8th century and stayed afterwards, in part due to Kumyk verbal tradition carried through ages some proverbs and sayings coming from the times of the Khazar Kaghanate.Казиханова (Гусейнова), Асият Абдурагимовна. Этапы расселения тюркоязычных народов на территории Приморского Дагестана в раннесредневековую эпоху : диссертация ... кандидата исторических наук : 07.00.02 Махачкала, 2000 186 c. : 61 01-7/82-5
For instance, in "The Cry of the Heroine" from the story "Petrified Aymesedu," there is a mention of the town of Semender, the capital of the Khazars. There is also a common saying present in the Kumyk language which refers to the "Khazar treasury": however, the narrative is questioned due to the fact the Kumyk language belongs to the Kipchak languages of Turkic family, which is largely unintelligible to the Chuvash language (the last surviving Oghur people). Thus, some other scholars believe that the Kumyk identity appeared in Dagestan in the 12th-13th centuries as part of the Kipchak migration.С. Броневский, Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе, В 2 частях, Москва - 1823
S. Tokarev wrote that:С. А. Токарев, Этнография народов СССР: исторические основы быта и культуры, Изд-во Московского университета, 1958, 229
A modern interpretation was proposed that "from the Turkified Lezgins, Kumyks also emerged".
However, professor of Caucasus studies L. Lavrov doubted the "Turkification" hypothesis of Kumyk origin:Лавров Л. И. Историко-этнографические очерки Кавказа. Ленинград. 1978. C. 37-38.
Another prominent Russian Orientalist, V. Minorsky, proposed his adjustment to the views mentioned, stating that:В.Ф.Минорский. История Ширвана и Дербенда X - XI вв. Изд-во Восточной литературы 1963 C.145
According to Soviet archives, it was believed the final stages of the Kumyk ethnogenesis stretched from the 12th-17th centuries. This is because some of the Turkic peoples who assimilated into the Kumyk nation were those of Tumens from the Tumen Khanate (Caucasian Tumen), which emerged in the 15th century as a fragment of the dissolved Golden Horde that was earlier defeated by the Timurid Empire of Timur; those of Bothe Bogans, Sople and pre-Cuman Turks, who populated the Botheragan-Madjar region in the 7th century, which encompassed the vast North Caucasian plains.
History
Kumyks historically were related to the states of the Caucasian Huns, Khazars, Cuman-Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde.Пигулевская Н.В. Сирийские источники по истории народов СССР. М.-ла.1941. C.165, 166Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII—XVIII веков / Сост. В. Аталиков. — Нальчик: Издательство М. и В. Котляровых, 2010. 304 с., стр. 6-7
Early to Timurid's war era